Hydrogen Energy Research

► R1. PROD: Alkaline / AEM / PEM Electrolysis (20)

	1.1. 14 Aug 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Hierarchical graphene nanowalls/Ti, Mo-MXene nano compounds for enhanced electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution, "In this study, hybrid Ti3C2Tx and Mo3C2Tx MXene nanosheets integrated with graphene nanowalls were synthesized using chemical vapor deposition and thoroughly characterized for their electrocatalytic performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction. Comprehensive characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, were employed to evaluate the structure, surface chemistry, and morphology of the composites."
	1.2. 13 Aug 2025, ACS Applied Nano Materials, First-Principles Study of Metal–Biphenylene Nanoscale Interfaces: Structural, Electronic, and Catalytic Properties, "In this work, we employ first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate these properties for BPN supported on (111) surfaces of Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Al, and the Cu3Au alloy. Our results show that the interaction strength between BPN and the substrate governs its stability, corrugation, electronic hybridization, and interfacial charge transfer."
	1.3. 11 Aug 2025, Elsevier Applied Surface Science, Application of urea-based deep eutectic solvent for electrodeposition of copper selenide (Cu2−xSe/CuSe) electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic medium, "This work presents a simple method for copper selenide electrodeposition on carbon substrate using electrolyte based on a ‘reline’ deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride + urea). A detailed adjustment of the electrodeposition process is presented, including solvent selection, effects of applied potential, duration, and annealing conditions."
	1.4. 07 Aug 2025, ACS Omega, The Role of Pt3/TiO2(h K l) Interface in Hydrogen and Water Splitting: A DFT Perspective on Reactivity and Limitations, "Here we analyzed the behavior of Pt3/TiO2(h k l) interfaces and investigated the influence of the Pt3 cluster phase and TiO2 surface on their structural and electronic properties. Structural analysis was performed using X-ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement, while electronic properties were investigated via density functional theory/plane wave calculations. This study provides novel insights into hydrogen and water splitting on the Pt3/TiO2 interface."
	1.5. 07 Aug 2025, ACS Inorganic Chemistry, Universal Reversible Hydrogen Potential for Electrocatalytic Ammonia Splitting Reactions in Nonaqueous Solvents from Unified pH Measurements, "Here we introduce a new approach of using differential potentiometric measurements in four nonaqueous solvents─MeCN, THF, DMF, and PC─to determine the universal pHabsH2O values aligned to the aqueous pH scale for dilute NH4+/NH3 solutions. Knowledge of the pHabsH2O values allows simple determination of the reversible hydrogen potential in any given solvent relative to the aqueous standard hydrogen electrode and, most importantly, ensures comparability across different solvents."
	1.6. 06 Aug 2025, Nature Communications, Single-faceted IrO2 monolayer enabling high-performing proton exchange membrane water electrolysis beyond 10,000 h stability at 1.5 A cm-2, "This work proposes that ammonia-induced facet engineering of IrO2 monolayer enables facet-dependent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance and high stability in industrial-scale PEM electrolysis."
	1.7. 06 Aug 2025, ACS Applied Energy Materials, Hydrogen Evolution-Directed Electrodeposition of a Cobalt Selenide/Cobalt Oxide Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions, "Herein, a simple and cost-effective electrocatalyst was studied for both the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. The electrocatalyst consisted of an electrodeposited cobalt diselenide/cobalt oxide composite, which was fabricated from an aqueous solution containing cobalt and selenium salts on a glassy carbon substrate."
	1.8. 05 Aug 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, Innovative self-assembled silver nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide hydrogel nanocomposite for improved electrochemical hydrogen generation and sensing, "This work concentrated on the production of Ag@rGO-based hydrogel nanocomposites, including cellulose, using the free radical polymerisation technique. The resultant materials are assessed for their efficacy in high-performance electrochemical hydrogen gas sensors and catalytic applications in hydrogen generation."
	1.9. 04 Aug 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, Molybdenum carbide nanoparticles produced by pulsed laser ablation for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline conditions, "Here we demonstrate the production of Molybdenum Carbide NPs with the use of a nanosecond pulsed laser by the ablation of a Mo target immersed in Ethanol. The material produced as NPs dispersion was characterized in terms of morphology, compositional and structural properties."
	1.10. 04 Aug 2025, Springer Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Engineering, Synergistic CuCo2O4/MWCNT nanocomposites: advanced electrode materials for energy storage and catalysis applications, "In present work, hydrothermal method was utilized to synthesize CuCo2O4 and its nanohybrid with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to investigate their electrochemical activity as potential electrode for supercapacitor applications. A comprehensive structural and electrochemical analysis of the CuCo2O4/MWCNT nanohybrid was performed."
	1.11. 02 Aug 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Optimized ball milling synthesis of efficient NiMo bimetallic electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline conditions, "This study explores the fabrication of a nanostructured NiMo alloy by a cost-effective and scalable ball milling process, obtaining a high-performance electrocatalyst for HER in alkaline conditions. Two methods, separate or simultaneous ball milling of Ni powder and Mo/MoOx-based waste powder, are compared to evaluate their influence on the material physicochemical properties and catalytic activity."
	1.12. 01 Aug 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Magnetic field-enhanced hydrogen electrocatalysis: Unveiling the role of electrolyte concentration, "This work aims to study the effects of electrolyte composition on the hydrogen evolution reaction under homogeneous magnetic fields. Using commercial Ni foam as electrode material, the concentration of species in the electrolyte is modified. The observed effects are discussed and related to the actuation of magnetohydrodynamic and magnetic gradient forces."
	1.13. 01 Aug 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Unlocking the potential of MoS2 for efficient hydrogen generation by controlling hydrothermal conditions, "Here, it is unraveled how the structure of MoS2 can be systematically changed by hydrothermal reaction parameters (temperature: 180–240 °C; volume: 40–80 %), resulting in varying shape, crystallinity, stacking form, phase, oxidation state, and HER activity. The reaction temperature and volume control can finely tune the 1T/2H phase ratio and conversion yield from Mo6+ to Mo4+, which affect HER efficiency."
	1.14. 01 Aug 2025, ACS Chemical Reviews, Anion-Exchange-Membrane Electrolysis with Alkali-Free Water Feed, "Here, we develop and build a foundational understanding of AEM-WEs operating with pure water, as well as discuss the effects of operating with natural water feeds like seawater. After a discussion of the possible advantages of pure-water-fed AEM-WEs, we cover the thermodynamic and kinetic processes involved in AEM-WE, followed by a detailed review of materials and components and their integration in the device."
	1.15. 28 Jul 2025, ACS Nano Letters, Breaking Electrochemical Scaling Laws in Atomically Engineered van der Waals Stack Multisite Edge Catalysts, "Here we identify specific combinations of active sites that yield hydrogen evolution reactions with a performance beyond single-site electrochemical scaling laws. Changing the separation between active sites by single-atomic distances reverts the reaction to a single-site catalytic mechanism, which demonstrates the sensitivity of the intermediate transport to multisite separation."
	1.16. 25 Jul 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, NiO@conducting polymer electrocatalyst for hydrazine-assisted oxygen evolution reaction through water splitting, "Here we present a single-step procedure for a nickel oxide nano-catalyst mixed with a conducting polymer mixture of poly (m-toluidine) and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) modified carbon paste electrode. The combination of PMT with PEDOT with the aid of NiO has not been reported elsewhere in the literature for hydrazine-assisted water splitting."
	1.17. 16 Jul 2025, ACS Electrochemistry, Controlling Chloride Crossover in Bipolar Membrane (BPM) Water Electrolysis, "This study offers an important contribution to the literature by systematically evaluating four distinct BPM combinations in an important electrolyzer configuration. It directly investigates the extent to which each BPM configuration influences Cl– crossover and overall electrolyzer performance, an area not thoroughly addressed in prior work."
	1.18. 15 Jul 2025, ACS The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Nanopatterning Single-Crystalline Metal Electrodes via Ion Erosion: New Structural Motifs for Model Electrocatalysis, "This work investigates the nanopatterning of single-crystalline metal electrodes through ion erosion. On Pt(111), ion erosion produces surfaces with distinct corrugation, characterized by the formation of erosion pits, an equal proportion of and steps, and a high density of kinks."
	1.19. 15 Jul 2025, ACS Electrochemistry, Electrochemical Fingerprints of Nanostructured Cu and Ag Electrodes, "This review focuses on recent achievements about the electrochemical fingerprints of crystalline Cu and Ag electrodes, with particular attention to their nanostructured forms, and explores how surface-specific activities such as underpotential deposition, hydroxide electrosorption, and redox behavior vary across different surface orientations."
	1.20. 12 Jul 2025, Nature Communications, Bioinspired Sulfo oxygen bridges optimize interfacial water structure for enhanced hydrogen oxidation and evolution reactions, "Here, we anchored single cobalt atoms on ruthenium nanoclusters via sulfo-oxygen bridges, creating cobalt and ruthenium atomic pairs to optimize interfacial water for advanced hydrogen electrocatalysis (Fig. 1b). This configuration, with its strong hydrogen-bond network and modulated chemical states of Ru sites, achieves higher HOR/HER activity and durability than Co single-atom doped Ru clusters."

► R2. PROD: Bio / Pyrolysis / Radiolysis / Solar (20)

	2.1. 13 Aug 2025, ACS Energy Letters, Sub-Bandgap Photon-to-Current Conversion in Bismuth Vanadate Photoanodes and Its Impact on the Maximum Photocurrent Density Achievable for Water Splitting, "Here we show that the maximum theoretical current density from BiVO4 can be as high as 12.2 mA/cm2, when assuming complete absorption and conversion of sunlight photons extending to the lowest photon energy for which we experimentally measured photocurrent generation promoted by sub-bandgap states."
	2.2. 13 Aug 2025, ACS Materials Au, Photoassisted Chemical Transformation of Cu2O Nanooctahedra into Cu2S Quantum-Dot Superstructures: Structural and Photoelectrochemical Properties, "Here we demonstrate that the controlled sulfidation of well-defined Cu2O nanooctahedra can be initiated by introducing a low amount of β-mercaptoethanol (BME), which is the closest sulfur-containing structural analogue of the stabilizing molecules (ethanol) of the colloidal particles."
	2.3. 12 Aug 2025, Elsevier Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy, Carbon-induced metal growth and size-dependent activity in methane splitting on nickel nanoparticle catalysts for COx-free hydrogen production, "Herein metal nanocrystal size effects are assessed on the methane splitting reaction rate with a series of model supported Ni catalysts. A maximum methane splitting rate is attained for Ni nanoparticles with a diameter of ~10 nm at the onset of the reaction. "
	2.4. 12 Aug 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, Quantum-inspired robust optimization for coordinated scheduling of PV-hydrogen microgrids under multi-dimensional uncertainties, "This paper aims to develop a novel quantum-inspired robust optimization framework for optimizing the operation of a PV-H2 microgrid, integrating photovoltaic generation, hydrogen electrolysis, hydrogen storage, and fuel cell dispatch. T"
	2.5. 11 Aug 2025, Springer Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Engineering, Magnetic nanomaterial in enhancing water splitting for hydrogen generation: potentials, challenges and perspectives: a critical review, "This paper explores their unique properties, with a specific focus on magnetic nanomaterials for hydrogen generation through water splitting. As the global demand for clean and sustainable energy intensifies, hydrogen has been identified as a promising energy carrier due to its zero-emission profile and high energy density."
	2.6. 11 Aug 2025, MDPI, Comparative Techno-Environmental Assessment of Green Hydrogen Production via Steam Methane Reforming and Chemical Looping Reforming of Biomethane, "This comparative study aims to address these gaps by providing a side-by-side evaluation of SMR and CLR using biomethane as a common renewable feedstock. The analysis focuses on techno-environmental performance, process efficiency, utility requirements, and production cost, supported by detailed process modeling and system-level comparisons."
	2.7. 10 Aug 2025, ACS Applied Energy Materials, Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Activity via Visible-Light-Driven Ag/MoS2–x-Modified p-Type Si Micropyramid Cells with Optimized Band Alignment, "In this work, a micropyramid-textured p-Si substrate was coated with MoS2–x and Ag layers to construct an efficient photocathode for hydrogen generation under visible-light illumination. The micropyramid structure was employed to enhance light absorption by increasing surface scattering and trapping."
	2.8. 07 Aug 2025, Elsevier Journal of Energy Storage, Green hydrogen generation for mitigating the impact of curtailment in floating photovoltaic - pumped hydro energy storage (FPV-PHES) systems, "This study first examines the efficiency decline and LCOE rise for floating photovoltaics coupled with pumped hydro storage connected to grids with high curtailment levels. Findings confirm that performance degradation is mitigated by enhancing self-consumption."
	2.9. 06 Aug 2025, Elsevier Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, An advanced biomass gasifier-PCCI engine system for hydrogen production, power generation, and waste heat recovery: 4E analyses, "This study presents a groundbreaking biomass gasifier–PCCI engine system that combines waste heat recovery for simultaneous hydrogen and power generation. The system is assessed in terms of energy, exergy, exergoeconomics, environmental impact, and techno-economic performance."
	2.10. 03 Aug 2025, ACS Omega, Immobilization of Photocatalysts on Spider Silk-Based Membranes for Continuous Hydrogen Production, "Here, hybrid membranes have been developed based on electrospun meshes made of modified spider silk proteins and immobilized gold-modified TiO2-nanoparticles (Au@TiO2-NPs). These membranes showed photocatalytic activity and were capable of producing hydrogen."
	2.11. 31 Jul 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Exploring machine learning approaches for biohydrogen production through dark fermentation in wastewater, "Here recent studies employing ML techniques are systematically analyzed to evaluate their role in modeling and optimizing biohydrogen generation through dark fermentation. This review examines various ML models, including artificial neural networks, support vector machines, decision trees, and gradient boosting techniques, for their effectiveness in optimizing fermentation conditions."
	2.12. 30 Jul 2025, Nature Communications, Single junction CsPbBr3 solar cell coupled with electrolyzer for solar water splitting, "Here we demonstrate a single junction solar cell powered PV-EC SOW, with a modest ηSTH of 1.7% for confirmed H2/O2 gas evolution for 3 h of stability, even for monolithic cells working immersed in water. Technological difference between previously reported Halide perovskite light absorber-based solar water splitting (end product: hydrogen) was described."
	2.13. 27 Jul 2025, Elsevier Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, Production of Hydrogen and H2/NH3 mixtures from Ammonia at Elevated Pressures in a Catalytic Membrane Reformer, "Here we demonstrate the direct production of high-pressure NH3/H2 fuel blends, including a 70:30 mixture representative of natural gas, without loss in CMR performance. These results highlight the potential of CMR technology to reduce hydrogen compression costs and enable on-demand generation of ammonia-derived fuel blends."
	2.14. 26 Jul 2025, Nature Communications, Spatially resolved photocatalytic active sites and quantum efficiency in a 2D semiconductor, "Here we employ scanning photoelectrochemical microscopy and identify the spatial distribution of reactive sites for oxidation and reduction on a model 2D TMD, a MoS2 monolayer, using light as the sole external driving force. We observe and discuss the effects of the material’s excitonic nature, electron/hole transport, and lateral confinement of photocarriers on chemical reactivity."
	2.15. 24 Jul 2025, ACS The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production from Surfactant-Rich Wastewaters: Proof-of-Concept and Mechanisms Investigation, "Here we propose here to use a photoelectrochemical process combining water remediation through the anodic degradation of surfactants with cathodic hydrogen production. As a consequence, the valorization of a waste is achieved, where photoelectrochemical oxidation of organic surfactants is paralleled by the chemical storage of solar energy into hydrogen."
	2.16. 23 Jul 2025, ACS Energy & Fuels, Turning Polluted Biomass Waste into Sustainable Carbon-Based Catalysts for Hydrogen Production via Water Electrolysis, "This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of valorizing the contaminated plant species S. rubra, subjected to an HTC process, for the production of carbon materials to be used in the electrochemical production of hydrogen."
	2.17. 21 Jul 2025, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Hierarchically Structured Ti-TiO2 Membranes Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Ablation and Atomic Layer Deposition for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting, "Here, atomic layer deposition and laser-processed functional surface structures (hierarchical structures) were integrated to fabricate a novel titanium-based membrane. The membrane was first structured via femtosecond laser ablation, forming a micrometric array of titanium pyramids, followed by ALD deposition of TiO2 to introduce a photoactive layer."
	2.18. 20 Jul 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, Nitrogen-Passivated germanium carbide nanomeshes as potential catalysts for photocatalytic water splitting, "Here, we explore a novel porous nitrogen-passivated GeC nanomesh as a photocatalyst for water splitting. The nanomesh, with a lattice constant of 19.3 Å and a bandgap of 1.33 eV, features 12 potential adsorption sites that were fully optimized to evaluate their HER and OER activities."
	2.19. 18 Jul 2025, Nature Communications, Light-induced CoOX surface reconstruction in hollow heterostructure for durable photocatalytic seawater splitting, "Here, we report a hierarchical hollow ZnIn2S4 heterostructure integrating an inner CoOx nanocage and atomically dispersed Pt anchoring at surface S vacancies for hydrogen evolution from natural seawater (23.88 mmol g−1 h−1) and pure water (48.99 mmol g−1 h−1) under visible light."
	2.20. 16 Jul 2025, ACS Applied Nano Materials, Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Polystyrene Nanoplastics Using Pd/TiO2 Nanoparticles, "This study presents an efficient plasmonic photocatalyst for degrading polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs), while simultaneously generating green hydrogen in the process. Blank controls show that the presence of PS NPs is necessary for H2 evolution, since under identical conditions, it does not occur in their absence."

► R3. PROD: Geologic / Natural Hydrogen (20)

	3.1. 18 Jul 2025, SCIENCE.ORG, Crustal faulting drives biological redox cycling in the deep subsurface, "Here, we present experimental evidence revealing the chemical reactions underpinning radical-induced water splitting in the presence of Fe relevant to the deep subsurface. We selected quartz as a model mineral because of its simple chemical composition and the fact that Si─O bonds readily generate radicals through homolysis."
	3.2. 16 Jul 2025, Primary H2, Primary Hydrogen Launches Phase 2 Hydrogen Sampling at Crooked Amphibolite, Coquihalla, and Cogburn Projects in British Columbia, "Part of a high-grade metamorphic complex, consisting of amphibolites derived from mafic volcanic rocks. These rocks have been heavily metamorphosed, and in association with ultramafic intrusions, there is potential for serpentinization processes to occur. The region is characterized by significant deformation, with deep-seated faults running through the area, which act as conduits for the migration of hydrogen from deeper-seated sources."
	3.3. 03 Jul 2025, Hyterra Ltd, Hyterra Ltd Achieves 96.1% Hydrogen Concentration in Kansas Discovery, "This discovery alert article provides an in depth analysis of our recent announcement of high concentrations of helium found in Blythe 13-20 and why helium is such an exciting discovery in this well. Drilled safely, on time and on budget, Blythe 13‑20 penetrated both sedimentary and Pre‑Cambrian layers, yielding important geological insights."
	3.4. 02 Jul 2025, ACS Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Superstructure-Based Optimization of Membrane Gas Separation Processes: A Review, "This review analyzes the superstructure-based optimization models for membrane gas separation systems reported in the literature. The review describes and analyzes the membrane permeation models embedded in the optimization models and solution approaches, the superstructures presented, the objective functions adopted, and outcomes for different application cases."
	3.5. 17 Jun 2025, ACS Omega, Geological Hydrogen Prospectivity of Iron Ore Deposits in India Based on Semiquantitative Analysis, "This study presents a semiquantitative approach to provisionally identify the target areas suitable for hydrogen-resource exploration based on prospectivity mapping with available data for India. The proposed approach uses ARCGIS software to generate distance classifications based on positive Bouguer gravity anomalies and the presence of fault systems and surface water bodies relative to identified iron ore deposit locations."
	3.6. 19 May 2025, University of Oxford, Scientists define the ingredients for finding natural clean hydrogen, "New research from the University of Oxford, in collaboration with Durham University and the University of Toronto, provides a solution. In the last billion years, enough hydrogen gas has been produced by the Earth’s continental crust to supply mankind’s energy needs for at least 170,000 years."
	3.7. 06 May 2025, New Scientist, A clean energy source may be lurking beneath mountain ranges, "Mountain ranges could be a potential source of clean energy in the form of as-yet untapped hydrogen. While previous research has suggested this “geologic” hydrogen could be found underground, researchers have only recently turned to mountains as a possible store."
	3.8. 21 Apr 2025, HyTerra Ltd, Andrew Forrest-backed hydrogen hopeful HyTerra starts US drilling, "Drilling at Nemaha is the culmination of extensive preparatory work including geophysical surveys and lease acquisition across a highly prospective region. Its now one of the most closely watched natural hydrogen locations in North America."
	3.9. 03 Apr 2025, Icarus, The source of hydrogen in earth's building blocks, "Here, we explore the amount of hydrogen in ECs as well as the phase that may carry this element using sulfur X-ray absorption near edge structure (S-XANES) spectroscopy. We find that hydrogen bonded to sulfur is prevalent throughout the meteorite, with fine matrix containing on average almost 10 times more Hsingle bondS than chondrule mesostasis."
	3.10. 31 Mar 2025, Primary H2, Primary Hydrogen Outlines Exploration Thesis for Dove Creek Project "Hydrogen Potential at Dove Creek: Proven Hydrogen Generation Mechanisms: The presence of uranium-rich basement rocks supports potential hydrogen and helium generation via radiolysis, with historical exploration confirming anomalous concentrations of both gases in the region."
	3.11. 21 Mar 2025, ACS Energy & Fuels, Hydrogen-Induced Transformations in Dolomite: Unlocking Natural Hydrogen Exploration and Subsurface Storage in Carbonates, "This study examined physicochemical changes in dolomitic samples during high-pressure hydrogen ageing experiments. Results revealed significant dolomite dissolution alongside ankerite precipitation, with porosity and permeability increasing by up to 17 and 20%, respectively."
	3.12. 25 Feb 2025, Fleet Space - Koloma, Fleet Space & Koloma Partner to Enhance Data-Driven Natural (Geologic) Hydrogen Exploration, "Fleet Space, Australia’s leading space exploration company, and Koloma, an industry leader in technology-enabled natural hydrogen exploration, today announced a partnership to accelerate exploration and development of natural hydrogen resources worldwide."
	3.13. 18 Feb 2025, Primary, Primary Unveils 2025 Exploration Plan to Advance Natural Hydrogen Discovery, "Phase 1: Remote Sensing Studies – Q1-2/2025, Using satellite imagery and airborne hyperspectral analysis, Primary will identify hydrogen anomalies which will help refine target selection and optimize field investigations."
	3.14. 17 Feb 2025, Journal of Energy Storage, Experimental approaches for characterization of water-hydrogen flow in reservoir rock, "This study investigates the water-hydrogen transport properties of homogeneous quartz-arenite Berea sandstone and heterogeneous Ironton/Galesville containing clay-rich bedding planes."
	3.15. 07 Feb 2025, RSC, Hydrogen energy futures – foraging or farming?, "As we transition towards a hydrogen-centric energy landscape, the amalgamation of geochemistry, advanced biology, and engineering emerges as a beacon, signalling a pathway towards a sustainable and transformative energy future."
	3.16. 23 Jan 2025, MIT, Why the next energy race is for underground hydrogen, "Hydrogen tends to build up in very different rocks from those that host oil and gas deposits. While fossil-fuel prospecting tends to focus on softer rocks, like organic-rich shale, hydrogen seems most plentiful in iron-rich rocks like olivine."
	3.17. 17 Jan 2025, Geoscience Australia, Soil gas surveys for hydrogen and helium in New South Wales, "This report summarises the results of field surveys looking for near-surface natural occurrences of hydrogen and helium (helium is used extensively today and extracted exclusively from natural gas) in eastern Australia near the township of Tumut in central New South Wales (NSW) and in western NSW, near the regional centres of Broken Hill, Menindee and Wentworth."
	3.18. 16 Jan 2025, USGS, USGS releases first ever map potential geologic hydrogen in US, "The map reveals areas of interest that have the potential to hold accumulations of geologic hydrogen, including a mid-continent region that covers Kansas, Iowa, Minnesota and Michigan, the Four Corners states of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah, the California coast, and areas along the Eastern seaboard."
	3.19. 03 Jan 2025, Nature Communications, Review on natural hydrogen wells safety, "The review explores potential solutions like metal coatings, rubber fillers, and cement additives to mitigate these problems. It also emphasizes the need for further research to validate these solutions under real-world conditions. Addressing these challenges is crucial for the safe and efficient extraction of natural hydrogen."
	3.20. 13 Dec 2024, SCIENCE.ORG, Model predictions of global geologic hydrogen resources, "The calculated annual flux of hydrogen from the subsurface to the atmosphere, which is the sum of the nontrapped and leaked hydrogen less the amount consumed by biotic and abiotic processes, was compared to published estimates as a check on our model calculations."

► R4. FUEL CELL: AEMFC / PEM / MCFC / SOFC (20)

	4.1. 04 Aug 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, High-performance hydrogen energy generation via innovative metal-organic framework catalysts and integrated system design, "This study aimed to develop platinum-doped nickel-iron metal-organic framework (Pt-NiFe-MOF) catalysts with controlled metal ratios and pore architecture for enhanced water electrolysis. The NiFe-MOF framework was first synthesized via a solvothermal method, which was then subjected to post-synthetic modification to introduce controlled platinum loadings (0.5-2.0 wt%)."
	4.2. 27 Jul 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, Optimizing base fluid composition for PEMFC cooling: A machine learning approach to balance thermal and rheological performance, "This study explores the application of Linear Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models for predicting thermal conductivity and viscosity using experimental datasets."
	4.3. 16 Jul 2025, Wiley Advanced Materials, Ultra-Fast Microwave-Assisted Volumetric Heating Engineered Defect-Free Ceria/Zirconia Bilayer Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Electrochemical Cells, "Here an innovative method reduced processing time by over 30-fold compared to convection sintering and achieved a record-low sintering temperature of 1200 °C. SOCs fabricated with these volumetric heating-engineered bilayer electrolytes demonstrated outstanding electrochemical performance, delivering a maximum power density of 2.43 W cm−2 at 700 °C in fuel cell mode and a current density of 3.16 A cm−2 at 750 °C in electrolysis mode, alongside excellent long-term durability."
	4.4. 14 Jul 2025, Nature Communications Materials, Water-soluble fullerene derivatives as radical scavengers for highly durable proton exchange membrane fuel cells, "Herein, we developed highly water-soluble and stable fullerene derivatives that can act as both radical scavengers and Ce anchors within a Nafion matrix. Phenolic (C6H4OH) or benzoic acid groups (C6H4COOH) and the hydroxy groups were introduced at the top and bottom of fullerene, respectively."
	4.5. 09 Jul 2025, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, Influence Mechanism of Cooling Time on the Shutdown Purge Process in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, "This study investigates the impact of cooling duration on the shutdown purge process through integrated water and thermal management in fuel cells. Using a comprehensive stack testing platform, experimental studies were conducted at a purge temperature of 338.15 K."
	4.6. 13 Jun 2025, ACS The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Durable Tape-Cast Trilayer La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-δ Electrolyte with Infiltrated Electrodes for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, "We demonstrate the fabrication of a trilayer La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3−δ electrolyte using an optimized tape casting method. The resulting structure consists of porous layers with a thickness of 55 μm and 55% porosity, a dense thickness of 20, and 55 μm thick LSGM support rings. The binder/plasticizer ratio is optimized to produce strong, defect-free green tapes, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used to refine the sintering profile, enabling a well-structured LSGM pellet to be achieved through a single-step sintering process."
	4.7. 08 Jun 2025, IET Research, A Novel Approach to Flooding Fault Detection and Risk Assessment in PEM Fuel Cells Using Data-Driven Models, "This study identifies effective diagnostic techniques for detecting faults in PEMFCs. A data-driven approach leveraging machine learning methods is proposed to enhance the detection of flooding faults under varying operational conditions. . This approach enables the automatic extraction of fault-related features directly from raw data."
	4.8. 08 Jun 2025, Minerals Engineering, Mechanical pre-treatment of waste solid oxide cell (SOFC) stacks, "This study investigated robust pre-treatment processes, such as crushing and magnetic separation, on end-of-life planar high-temperature solid oxide cell stacks to separate larger steel components and sealing material from cell/electrode material. The characterization of produced fractions revealed that the process separated efficiently large steal particles, while electrode materials were enriched from the seal material."
	4.9. 27 May 2025, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Homogeneous nucleation and condensation characteristics of water vapor-hydrogen (H2O-H2) binary systems from molecular dynamics simulation, "Here the molecular dynamics was used to investigate the impact of various conditions on the condensation of saturated water vapor from a microscope perspective. It was found that the liquefaction ratio of H2O molecules increased from 72.33% to 83.10% as the initial pressure increased from 1 MPa to 1.5 MPa when the cooling temperature was fixed at 380 K, while it increased from 72.33% to 87.05% as the cooling temperature decreased from 380 K to 350 K when the initial pressure was fixed at 1 MPa."
	4.10. 23 May 2025, Chemical Engineering Science, Segmentation of PEM fuel cell catalyst layer via electrospray deposition, "This study developed a segmented catalyst layer with varying ionomer-to-carbon (I/C) ratios near the channel and land regions of the gas flow path using electrospray deposition. The segmented catalyst layer exhibited higher output power density than a conventional uniform catalyst layer with I/C ratios of 0.60, 1.00, and 1.55."
	4.11. 22 May 2025, Nature NPJ Computational Materials, High entropy powering green energy: hydrogen, batteries, electronics, and catalysis, "This review examines recent innovations in high-entropy materials, focusing on hydrogen generation/storage, fuel cells, batteries, semiconductors/electronics, and catalysis—where HEMs have demonstrated the ability to outperform state-of-the-art materials."
	4.12. 16 May 2025, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Post-mortem analysis of high-frequency current ripples effects on HT-PEMFC aging, "Herein, a post-mortem analysis is carried out on two aged MEAs, with and without high-frequency current ripples, in comparison to a fresh MEA. Various characterization techniques provided new information about the gas inlet/outlet regions and the degradation phenomena observed in certain components."
	4.13. 04 May 2025, Nature Communications, Enhancing surface activity and durability in triple conducting electrode for protonic ceramic electrochemical cells, "The enhanced interfacial bonding between the oxygen electrode and electrolyte contributes to increased durability and thermomechanical integrity, and this study underscores the critical importance of optimizing electrode microstructure to achieve a balance between surface activity and durability."
	4.14. 17 Apr 2025, Journal of Power Sources, Characterization and testing of strontium titanium ferrite-based solid oxide cells for reversible and co-electrolysis operation, "This study investigates STF and STF-Ni as potential fuel electrode materials for SOCs, with a focus on their electrochemical activity and stability at 750 °C, during reversible operations with H2/H2O and CO/CO2 mixtures, and during H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis."
	4.15. 15 Apr 2025, ACS Energy & Fuels, Thermal Transient Performance of PEM Fuel Cells in Aerospace Applications: A Numerical Study, "This study employs a validated numerical simulation model to investigate the transient responses of a PEMFC subjected to thermal shock cycles, where the bipolar plate walls experience abrupt temperature drops to 10 °C for durations of 3 to 19 s."
	4.16. 04 Apr 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, A novel Parrot Optimizer for robust and scalable PEMFC parameter optimization, "The study presents the Parrot Optimizer (PO) as a new metaheuristic algorithm which derives its inspiration from the adaptive behaviors of Pyrrhura Molinae parrots to overcome current optimization challenges."
	4.17. 30 Mar 2025, ACS JACS Au, Toward Hydrogen Mobility: Challenges and Strategies in Electrocatalyst Durability for Long-Term PEMFC Operation, "By exploring the latest developments in catalyst durability, support materials, and strategies to overcome key performance barriers, this Perspective provides a comprehensive overview of the critical factors shaping the future of PEMFC technology."
	4.18. 28 Mar 2025, ACS ACS Applied Energy Materials, Fluorine-Lean Phosphonated Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity with High Oxygen Permeability as a PEMFC Catalyst Layer Ionomer, "Here we present a phosphonated PIM comprising a rigid, hydrophobic backbone and ion-conductive −PO3H2 groups. The physical properties of the pPIM were characterized by ex-situ methods, e.g., NMR, GPC, BET, TGA, and water uptake, while the performance of the pPIM as a catalyst layer ionomer was investigated through rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements and in situ fuel cell tests to determine the electrochemically active surface area and oxygen diffusion coefficient of the resulting catalyst layers."
	4.19. 25 Mar 2025, MDPI, PEMFC Thermal Management Control Strategy Based on Dual Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient, "The operational performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is highly influenced by temperature, making effective thermal management essential. However, the multivariate coupling between pumps and radiators presents significant control challenges. To address this issue, a dual DDPG-PID control strategy is proposed, integrating temperature and flow rate variations to enhance system stability and response."
	4.20. 18 Mar 2025, Electrochimica Acta, Cu-doped Titanium Suboxide Fuel Cell Catalyst Support Prepared by Sol-gel Method: Unveiling the Role of Cu as a Lone Dopant, "Here we seek to achieve a better understanding of the role of Cu as a dopant and reveal its contribution to activity and stability in the Pt/TOC during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and corresponding accelerated stress tests."

► R5. STORE: Type IV-V / MH / LH2 / LOHC / Geo (20)

	5.1. 10 August 2025, Elsevier Advanced Membranes, Combining Zeolite with MOF Glass to Construct Crystal-Glass Composite Membranes for Improved Hydrogen Separation, "In this study, we report the rational design of FAU-type zeolite-embedded ZIF-62-ag composite membranes to improve hydrogen separation performance. The optimized 20-FAU-ZIF-62-ag CGC membrane (20 wt% zeolite filler loading) exhibits the H2 permeability of 2516 Barrer and H2/CH4 selectivity of 52.4 for single-gas permeation, representing 179% and 45% improvements over the pristine ZIF-62-ag membrane."
	5.2. 07 August 2025, ACS Energy & Fuels, Exploring the Dual-Phase Configuration of Multicomponent Alloys in the Ti21Zr21VxFeyNiz (x + y + z = 58 at %) System for Room Temperature Hydrogen Storage, "This study investigates the dual-phase configuration of multicomponent alloys within the Ti21Zr21VxFeyNiz (x + y + z = 58 at %) system for hydrogen storage. The design strategy involved the use of the Calculation of Phase Diagrams (CALPHAD) method, which obtained four dual-phase alloys with varying proportions of C14 Laves and body-centered cubic phases. All alloys exhibited fast hydrogen absorption kinetics, reaching maximum capacity within 5 min, and demonstrated good hydrogen storage capacity at room temperature."
	5.3. 07 August 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Gaps, challenges, and opportunities of sodium borohydride alcoholysis for hydrogen, "This review aims thus to comprehensively cover alcoholysis of sodium borohydride, highlighting their advantages in hydrogen production and identifying current gaps in our understanding. It analyzes the challenges associated with implementation and discusses future prospects."
	5.4. 02 August 2025, Springer Nature, Sensitivity analysis of geological parameters to evaluate uncertainty in underground hydrogen storage performance for a saline aquifer at Ketzin (Germany), "Here a sensitivity analysis of hydrogen storage at Ketzin on geological parameters is considered and the open-source software MUFITS is utilized for reservoir-scale numerical simulations. Permeability and capillary pressure significantly affect storage performance and recommendations for realizing a future hydrogen storage demonstrator are provided."
	5.5. 15 July 2025, Wiley Advanced Materials, Understanding the Role of Borohydride Doping in Electrochemical Stability of Argyrodite Li6PS5Cl Solid-State Electrolyte, "This work elucidates the mechanism by which lithium borohydride (LiBH4) doping into argyrodite-type Li6PS5Cl (LBH-LPSCl) solid-state electrolyte (SSE) enhances electrochemical stability. State-of-the-art electrochemical performance is achieved with 5 wt% borohydride."
	5.6. 15 July 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, Integrated optimization of energy storage and green hydrogen systems for resilient and sustainable future power grids, "This study presents a novel multi-objective optimization framework supporting nations sustainability 2030–2040 visions by enhancing renewable energy integration, green hydrogen production, and emission reduction."
	5.7. 10 July 2025, ACS ENERGY AND CLIMATE, Microbiological and Geochemical Perspectives on Sustainable Dihydrogen Storage in Deep Aquifers, "Here, we utilized a high-pressure reactor to simulate the injection of 2% H2 into a currently operational aquifer gas storage site that holds natural gas (CH4 with 1% CO2). This experiment involved the use of formation water, autochthonous microorganisms, and porous rock samples from the same aquifer."
	5.8. 07 July 2025, ACS Energy & Fuels, Linking the Microstructure of Ball-Milled Mg–Ni Hydrogen Storage Materials to Reactive Properties and Techno-Economic Feasibility, "Here, we investigate the effect of ball milling parameters (rotational speed and milling duration) on the hydrogen storage properties of Mg–Ni-based materials. The effects of milling conditions are correlated to the microstructural properties of the materials and then linked to the rates of hydrogen storage and discharging and total hydrogen capacity."
	5.9. 05 July 2025, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, Interpretable machine learning enables high performance of magnesium borohydride hydrogen storage system, "Here, numerous data points are collected from temperature-programmed, isothermal, and cyclic dehydrogenation behaviors, a neural network model is proposed by using multi-head attention mechanisms, which exhibits the highest predictive performance compared to traditional machine learning models."
	5.10. 02 July 2025, MDPI, Pore Size Engineering of MOFs by Pore Edge Reaction: Tetrazine Click and Hydrogen Adsorption in Theory and Experiment, "Here, we present a metal–organic framework platform [M2(RCOO)4(H2O)2], JUK-21(M), M = Cu or Zn, containing a tetrazine-based tetracarboxylate linker, which we covalently functionalize using the inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction and five dienophiles of various bulkiness, yielding a series of JUK-21(Cu)-x metal–organic frameworks."
	5.11. 02 July 2025, MDPI, Finite Element Analysis Framework for Structural Safety Evaluation of Type IV Hydrogen Storage Vessel, "We propose an integrated finite element analysis framework that encompasses a full spectrum of safety-critical loading scenarios and includes burst, axial compression, plug torque, low-velocity impact, and drop simulations, allowing for consistent structural evaluations across all standardized test conditions."
	5.12. 22 June 2025, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Oxygenated Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (oxo-LOHC) systems: The biodegradation and endocrine disrupting potential of oxo-LOHCs, intermediates and transformation products, "Our findings suggest that hydrogenation of the phenyl ring and methyl substitution on the ring may decrease biodegradability. The analysis of transformation products (TPs) showed that oxo-LOHC compounds initially undergo (de)hydrogenation and/or hydroxylation, with the latter reaction potentially enhancing the estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities."
	5.13. 09 June 2025, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, Influence of sintering time on structure and electrochemical properties of La2MgNi9 hydrogen storage alloys, "In this paper, vacuum powder sintering methods were used to prepare La2MgNi9 alloys with Mg-rich MgNi1.55 intermediate alloy, and the effect of sintering time on the phase structure and electrochemical properties of La2MgNi9 alloy was investigated."
	5.14. 04 June 2025, ACS Energy & Fuels, Solid-State Hydrogen Storage in Atomic Layer Deposited α-MoO3 Thin Films, "In this work hydrogen plasma was used at room temperature to hydrogenate α–MoO3 thin films oriented along the direction. Although hydrogen plasma treatment may appear energy-intensive, conventional hydrogenation methods generally demand high temperatures and elevated pressures, both of which contribute significantly to the overall energy consumption of the process."
	5.15. 31 May 2025, Fuel, Assessment of hydrogen adsorption capacities on low-maturity shales for geological storage applications: a lattice density functional theory approach, "In this study, the objective is to quantify the adsorption of supercritical H2 on low-maturity shale at different temperatures and pressures, thus providing valuable insights for future shale H2 storage. To this end, H2 adsorption on low-maturity shales was measured at pressures up to 190 bar and temperatures of 50 °C, 75 °C, and 100 °C, and the resulting adsorption isotherms were modeled using the LDFT model."
	5.16. 27 May 2025, Energy 360, Hydrogen Gas Production & Storage Cycle with Organic Hydrides Based on Hydrogen Fixing and Release, "This paper reviews new hydrogen storage methods based on electrochemistry, photochemistry, and biochemistry to enable direct hydrogen storage in organic hydrides from water. Furthermore, this paper outlines hydrogen production and storage cycles, combining these hydrogen storage methods and hydrogen release methods."
	5.17. 23 May 2025, CSIRO, Wellbore thermal effects during underground hydrogen storage, "This study applies standard wellbore heat transport models to calculate the temperature changes induced by the flow of hydrogen and some potential cushion gases: methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. These models incorporate the thermal conductivity of wellbore materials, and heat exchange with the surrounding formations, and are solved numerically for a range of flow rates, wellhead temperatures and depths."
	5.18. 20 May 2025, Journal of Alloys and Compounds Communications, Thermal stability and hydrogen storage properties of Hf0.75Ti0.25NbVZr and TiNbVZr high entropy alloys, "This study examines the thermal stability and hydrogen storage performance of Hf0.75Ti0.25NbVZr and TiNbVZr high-entropy alloys (HEAs). Heat treatments were conducted at 1300°C for 24 and 48 hours and at 600°C for 1 and 2 months. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that Hf0.75Ti0.25NbVZr transitioned from a mixture of BCC and C15 Laves phases to a single BCC phase at 1300°C."
	5.19. 14 May 2025, ACS Langmuir, Solvent Effects in Biomass-Derived Activated Carbons: New Insights for Their Doping/Functionalization toward Potential Hydrogen Storage Applications, "This study opens the possibility of an effective biomass-derived AC modification, without the need to employ high-energy-consuming thermal treatments, thus maximizing the potential of greener processes."
	5.20. 09 May 2025, H2CAST Etzel, Gasunie and Storag Etzel start filling hydrogen caverns and constructing the above-ground facility for the H2CAST Etzel pilot projec, "In Lower Saxony’s Etzel, the H2CAST pilot project, which involves converting two existing salt caverns for hydrogen storage, is now entering the next phase: Gasunie and Storag Etzel have started jointly injecting around 90 tons of hydrogen into two existing caverns. Gasunie will also start constructing the surface facility in the near future."

► R6. APP: Automotive / Rail Industry (20)

	6.1. 07 Aug 2025, Elsevier Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, A framework to characterize the flow of high-pressure hydrogen injectors, "In this study, a novel framework will show that combining mass, momentum, and needle lift will allow for a comprehensive characterization of the losses of gaseous flow in a fuel injector. The needle lift additionally defines the inner geometry of the injector (open position), which is critical input for computational fluid dynamics simulations of a non-ideal compressible jet."
	6.2. 01 Aug 2025, MDPI, Data-Driven Modelling and Simulation of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Powertrain, "We adopt a system-level modelling approach to replicate the operational behaviour of the Toyota Mirai’s hybrid powertrain through a digital simulator. While physical modelling can capture detailed component-level dynamics, it is often complex and computationally intensive. Instead, a data-driven approach is employed, using experimental data from the ANL report to develop simplified yet accurate models for each subsystem, which show strong agreement with the source data."
	6.3. 28 Jul 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, Grid tied hybrid PV fuel cell system with energy storage and ANFIS based MPPT for smart EV charging, "Here, simulation results demonstrate effective voltage boosting from 110 V to 150 V and a regulated output of approximately 1100 V at 30 A, with the PV-side current stabilized at 500 A. The fuel cell maintains a steady output of 110 V while its current decreases from 40 A to 25 A, and the battery retains a 60% state-of-charge (SOC) at 120 V output."
	6.4. 05 Jul 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Understanding deactivation and reactivation of oxidation catalysts in hydrogen combustion engines, "This research investigates the deactivation phenomena of oxidation catalysts in exhaust gas aftertreatment systems of hydrogen internal combustion engines (-ICEs). The study observes an unexpected catalyst deactivation during extended cold start operation, which is partially reversible through lambda variation and increased exhaust temperatures."
	6.5. 01 Jul 2025, Next Energy, Predict the performance of hydrogen fueled vehicle and their refueling station through the data analysis based approach, "This study proposes a novel predictive framework integrating mathematical modeling, state-space analysis, and advanced data mining techniques, supported by reliability analysis, to evaluate the performance of HFVs and their associated refueling infrastructure. Utilizing a public dataset of 500 real-time operational data points, key performance indicators are statistically analyzed."
	6.6. 19 Jun 2025, Toyota & VDL Groep, Toyota Motor Europe starts zero tailpipe emissions logistics with fuel cell trucks, "Hydrogen fuel cell trucks built by VDL Groep, using Toyota fuel cell modules, now deployed on Toyota's logistics routes from Toyota’s European Parts Centre in Diest, Belgium to France, the Netherlands and Germany. Toyota's logistics providers will include zero tailpipe emission freight transport in their daily operations between Belgium, France, Germany and The Netherlands."
	6.7. 05 Jun 2025, Toyota, TOYOTA GAZOO Racing unveils liquid hydrogen-fueled "GR LH2 Racing Concept" at Le Mans, "Toyota has taken on the challenge of hydrogen engine development in motorsports, initially through Rookie Racing’s participation in the Japanese Super Taikyu series with the hydrogen-engine Corolla, which initially used gaseous hydrogen from 2021, before the introduction of a liquid hydrogen-powered car from 2023."
	6.8. 05 Jun 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Automotive PEM fuel cell catalyst layer degradation mechanisms and characterisation techniques, Part II: Platinum degradation, "There is limited emphasis on analysing the kinetic aspects and the parameters affecting the kinetics of reported degradation mechanisms, especially under automotive conditions, highlighting a significant gap in the field. This review aims to bridge this gap by offering a fresh perspective on Pt degradation analysis within automotive PEMFCs."
	6.9. 13 May 2025, China Daily, Guizhou pioneers hydrogen power for coal transport, "China's first commercially operated H2-powered locomotive began trial runs on Saturday in Liupanshui, Guizhou province, marking a significant milestone in the city's long-term drive to modernize its coal industry. The locomotive can be fully refueled in about 15 minutes, delivering up to 800 km of range and hauling over 4,500 tonnes, which makes it ideal for short-haul coal transport. All of its H2 is sourced on-site, extracted from coke-oven gas at the local plant at about one-third the cost of conventional water-electrolysis production."
	6.10. 02 May 2025, Green Technologies and Sustainability, Fuel cell technologies in the automotive sector: A focus on proton exchange membrane and Alkaline fuel cells, "This review article focuses on the development and application of fuel cell technologies specifically Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) and Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) as viable alternatives for the future of the automotive industry."
	6.11. 24 Apr 2025, Zepp.solutions, Discover zepp.europa, "The first hydrogen-powered truck that doesn’t require compromises. With a range of over 700 km and the capability to haul a standard ISO trailer (45ft container), Europa delivers the same payload and workflow as its diesel counterparts. The Europa truck, powered by zepp.solutions’ advanced zepp.X150 fuel cell system, is designed for heavy-duty performance while delivering silent, vibration-free, and emission-free operation — all without compromising on efficiency or reliability. Zepp.europa is available in 4×2 and 6×2 configurations, with hydrogen storage at 350 or 700 bar."
	6.12. 24 Apr 2025, Elsevier Energy Conversion and Management, Understanding the role of thermo-diffusive instabilities in hydrogen combustion for lean-burn spark-ignition engine operation, "The study focuses on identifying potential sources of prediction errors and validating the robustness of the methodology under different operating conditions. The results indicate that the method performs well within moderate dilution ratios, but its accuracy decreases at higher dilution levels (e.g., = 3.4), where predictions become less reliable."
	6.13. 23 Apr 2025, Elsevier Energy Reports, The future of sustainable transit: Hydrogen-powered trams and PEMFCS, "This study analyzes the feasibility of carrying out hydrogen fuel cells in tram systems in Istanbul. By conducting simulations in Matlab Simulink to determine the efficiency, energy coverage, and cost of three different PEMFC models, this research aims to contribute to the literature on sustainable transportation alternatives."
	6.14. 17 Apr 2025, Elsevier Energy Conversion and Management, Transitioning Australia’s land freight transport: Competition of fuel cell electric, battery electric, and internal combustion engine vehicle, "This study introduces an innovative freight transport model, incorporating a novel approach to calculating vehicle time costs, refuelling time, and energy intensity, applied to Australia’s freight sector. Findings indicate that under moderate development, battery electric vehicles gain a larger share in light commercial vehicles, while fuel cell electric vehicles dominate the truck segment."
	6.15. 03 Apr 2025, Hyundai, Hyundai Motor Reveals Bold and Efficient Hydrogen FCEV Concept Previewing New Design Language, "Hyundai Motor introduced the all-new NEXO at the Seoul Mobility Show 2025, marking a significant milestone in hydrogen mobility and the all-new NEXO targets more than 700 km of range from a five-minute charge."
	6.16. 28 Mar 2025, Elsevier Fuel, Comparative computational study of hydrogen and natural gas in high-pressure direct-injection (HPDI) compression-ignition engines: Combustion characteristics, thermal efficiency, and local pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, "Given the commercial feasibility of HPDI engines fueled by methane (or natural gas), this research aims to implement hydrogen in HPDI engines and identify key differences in combustion characteristics, efficiency, and pollutant emissions to guide the development of efficient low-carbon engine technologies."
	6.17. 20 Mar 2025, ACS Omega, Effect of Auxiliary Hydrogen Injection in the Prechamber on the Combustion Process of a Natural Gas Engine, "In this study, it is suggested to use auxiliary hydrogen injection to improve the mixture in the prechamber, thereby improving the ignition performance of the prechamber jet."
	6.18. 06 Mar 2025, TEDA, 1st Batch of 200kW Hydrogen-Powered Trucks Rolled Out in TEDA, "The model is built on the Farizon Xinghan G platform and is equipped with the Rockcheck Hydrogen Power Fe6-200kW fuel cell system and a high-capacity Type IV onboard hydrogen storage system, features multiple breakthroughs in thermal management and intelligent driving technology."
	6.19. 19 Feb 2025, Komatsu, Komatsu begins proof-of-concept tests for the world’s first large dump truck equipped with a hydrogen combustion engine, "Komatsu has developed a concept machine by equipping its flagship large dump truck, the HD785 (maximum payload: approximately 92 metric tons), with a H2 combustion engine for proof-of-concept tests at its Ibaraki Plant as world’s first attempt to equip a large dump truck with a H2 combustion engine."
	6.20. 19 Feb 2025, Honda, Honda Reveals Specification for its Next-generation Fuel Cell Module, "An output of 150 kW, the Honda Next Generation Fuel Cell Module will feature half of the production cost and more than double the durability compared to the current model. Moreover, the module was downsized by increasing the volumetric power density*1 by more than three times, which increased the flexibility of installation layouts."

► R7. APP: Aviation / UAS Industry (20)

	7.1. 12 Aug 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Thermofluids, Numerical investigation of a turbine working with a highly unsteady exhaust flow of a hydrogen-driven rotating detonation combustion "This study aims at investigating the latter approach by employing the steady simulation method for an unsteady turbine optimization problem, highlighting the novelty of the research that speed up the simulation and analysis processes. The unsteadiness at the turbine inlet represents an RDC exhaust flow, which is generated by a 2D-Euler RDC simulation method, considering the turbine effects on the RDC operation."
	7.2. 10 Aug 2025, Elsevier Sustainable Production and Consumption, Can hydrogen-powered air travel grow within the planetary limits? "Our findings uggest that projected medium-distance air travel powered by e-kerosene or liquid hydrogen could have life cycle environmental impacts that overshoot global climate change and biodiversity loss thresholds by several orders of magnitude."
	7.3. 31 Jul 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Reducing emissions and fuel consumption in supersonic aviation with ammonia hybrid engines "We explore a supersonic hybrid electric engine for medium-haul airlines, combining ammonia-powered turbofan with a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Mathematical modeling helps generate parametric dataset across different flight phases which is then used for training a physics-informed artificial neural network to identify optimum design points in terms of safety, efficiency and emissions."
	7.4. 17 Jul 2025, ZeroAvia, Patent awards add significant strength to ZeroAvia’s IP portfolio, with 45 patents granted to date "ZeroAvia announced it has been awarded nine new patents this year so far, with many critical to the company’s roadmap for scaling hydrogen-electric engines for large regional aircraft. The company has now been granted a total of 45 patents related to hydrogen and electric aviation systems, with almost 250 applications, most of which are still going through the patent office pipelines."
	7.5. 26 Jun 2025, Elsevier Combustion and Flame, A comprehensive experimental and numerical study on turbulent jet ignition mechanisms of lean hydrogen mixture using a super-rich pre-chamber combustion "This study aims to clarify fundamental aspects of the staged-combustion mechanism using turbulent jet ignition with a super-rich hydrogen pre-chamber. We investigated the combustion behaviors and characteristics under the turbulent jet ignition, as well as the detailed flame structures and ignition mechanisms."
	7.6. 18 Jun 2025, Airbus MTU, Airbus and MTU Aero Engines advance on hydrogen fuel cell technology for aviation "Airbus and MTU Aero Engines have signed a Memorandum of Understanding to progress together on hydrogen fuel cell propulsion, a promising and critical technology to decarbonise aviation. This MoU was signed today during the 55th Paris Airshow by Bruno Fichefeux, Airbus' Head of Future Programmes and Dr. Stefan Weber, MTU’s SVP Engineering and Technology."
	7.7. 16 Jun 2025, Stellar Aircraft, France’s XSun and H3 DYNAMICS Join Forces to Develop World’s First Solar Hydrogen Electric UAV "H3 Dynamics, an aerospace hydrogen fuel cell systems developer and XSun, the global leader in solar- electric unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are announcing a strategic partnership to develop world’s first solar-hydrogen-electric UAS. Solar PV cells contribute power to the overall power system, batteries provide peak power during take- off, and a miniaturised hydogen fuel cell system provides the main cruise power."
	7.8. 06 Jun 2025, Stellar Aircraft, Stellar Aircraft proudly unveils its second-generation propulsion module — a true breakthrough in green aviation. "Stellar Aircraft proudly unveils its second-generation Electric Ducted Fan (EDF) propulsion unit — a breakthrough innovation in the field of distributed electric thrust systems. Specifically engineered for the StellarJet, this new-generation propulsor sets an unmatched standard for performance and integration. KEY FEATURES: Power output: 132 kW; Thrust: 1700 N; Weight: 14.7 kg; Duct diameter: 375 mm; Integrated power controller."
	7.9. 02 Jun 2025, AMSL Aero, FIRST AUSTRALIAN REGISTERED LIQUID HYDROGEN TANK CLEARS RUNWAY FOR ZERO-EMISSION TEST FLIGHTS "AMSL Aero and Stralis Aircraft have registered the tanks, known as “Dewar vessels”, in collaboration with BOC Australia. Dewar vessels operate like supersized thermos flasks; they contain a vacuum that insulates super-cold liquid hydrogen. BOC Australia, a Linde company, has led the registration process, laying the foundation for Australia's first liquid hydrogen flight test programs."
	7.10. 31 May 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Design and experimental characterization of a Micromix burner based on an optimized injection methodology "This study presents a design methodology applied to a 10 kW burner. Its ability to operate with hydrogen concentrations exceeding 80 % was experimentally validated, achieving stable and efficient combustion."
	7.11. 26 May 2025, Elsevier Combustion and Flame, Deep learning based combustion chemistry acceleration method for widely applicable turbulent combustion simulations "In this study, we present a neural network model with variable time steps aimed at enhancing the efficiency of combustion chemistry simulations focusing on the complex dual-fuel under premixed combustion."
	7.12. 13 May 2025, Elsevier Fuel, Experimental and numerical characterization of a single-hole LPDI Hydrogen injector: identification of a suitable inert replacement for Hydrogen jet studies "In this work, a detailed numerical and experimental characterization of a single-hole gas injector is presented using Argon (Ar), Helium (He), and Nitrogen (N2) as substitutes for Hydrogen (H2). The use of inert gases is a common practice in the literature to reduce experimental costs and enhance safety."
	7.13. 09 May 2025, AeroDelft, Student team achieves liquid hydrogen flight breakthrough "AeroDelft, one of Delft University of Technology's student teams, successfully designed and tested an electric aircraft propulsion system using liquid hydrogen as an energy source. It is the first student team to do so. The successful test was conducted at the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research liquid hydrogen test facility in Ypenburg, The Hague."
	7.14. 14 Apr 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, A review of hydrogen micromix combustion technologies for gas turbine applications "This review evaluates the state-of-the-art hydrogen micromix combustion technologies, focusing on injector performance, flashback characteristics, and NOx reduction strategies. Injector designs are categorized based on premixing and flame stabilization techniques."
	7.15. 26 Mar 2025, Elsevier Fuel, Stabilization and emissions characteristics of CH4–H2 blends in a premixed jet stabilized combustor "This study bridges a critical research gap on premixed jet-stabilized combustors operating on CH4/H2 fuel admixtures by providing a comprehensive experimental dataset that includes velocity fields, temperature, composition, and flame chemiluminescence for varying equivalence ratios and H2 content, varying from 0 to 100 % H2 by volume, in the fuel mixture."
	7.16. 25 Mar 2025, Airbus, Airbus showcases hydrogen aircraft technologies during its 2025 Airbus Summit "The four fuel cell systems would be supplied via two liquid hydrogen tanks and this concept will continue to be refined over the coming years as additional tests will help mature the technologies associated with hydrogen storage and distribution, as well as with the propulsion systems. Airbus are confident this provides the necessary power density for a hydrogen-powered commercial aircraft to evolve as the technology matures."
	7.17. 19 Mar 2025, MDPI, HStrategies to Increase Hydrogen Energy Share of a Dual-Fuel Hydrogen–Kerosene Engine for Sustainable General Aviation "This paper focuses on strategies to mitigate these irregular combustion phenomena while effectively increasing the H2 energy share. Experimental evaluations were conducted on an engine test bench using a one-cylinder dual-fuel H2 kerosene engine, utilizing two strategies, including water injection & rising the air–fuel ratio by increasing the boost pressure."
	7.18. 15 Mar 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Hydrogen–electric–thermal coupling analysis and validation of superconducting turbo-electric hybrid propulsion system "This study focuses on the design of a liquid hydrogen-cooled superconducting TEHPS, incorporating detailed models for key components, including the hydrogen turbine engine, fuel cell, and superconducting machines."
	7.19. 11 Feb 2025, Fabrum, Fabrum launches hydrogen testing facility at Christchurch airport (NZ) to accelerate zero emission aviation "Fabrum at Christchurch Airport offers a world-class facility that supports the development & testing of H2 solutions to support global decarbonisation efforts. Having LH2 as an aviation fuel available on-site is vital for the aviation sector, rapidly advancing towards hydrogen-fuelled operations to unlock a zero-emissions future."
	7.20. 26 Jan 2025, Elsevier Franklin Open, Improved sliding mode temperature control of hydrogen fuel cells for multirotor drones "The research findings provide important references for the efficient operation of hydrogen drones, promote the application, and propel the application and maturation of hydrogen-based fuel cell technology in the drone area."

► R8. APP: Defence / Military Industry (20)

	8.1. 06 Aug 2025, US Naval Research Laboratory, Naval Research Hydrogen Tech Goes Tactical "NRL has prototyped a Hydrogen Small Unit Power (H-SUP) system to reduce detectability and improve readiness of Marine Corps in expeditionary warfare operations. NRL’s H-SUP is a portable fuel cell electric generator with greater energy per weight than batteries and lower audible and thermal signatures than combustion generators."
	8.2. 24 Jul 2025, Skyeton, Danish Ministry of Defence DALO 2025 / RAYBIRD UAV COMPLETED A FLIGHT POWERED BY HYDROGEN FUEL "The Skyeton Raybird UAS is used in long-endurance surveillance and reconnaissance missions & with the shift toward hydrogen-electric propulsion, the platform will offer enhanced operational efficiency and environmental performance for both defense and civilian applications."
	8.3. 25 Jun 2025, DTIC, Technical Report, Performance of a Hydrogen Pulsed Electrothermal Thruster, Strategic Defense Initiative "This report describes an SBIR Phase 1 effort to determine the technical feasibility of measuring the performance of a hydrogen pulsed electrothermal thruster on liquid hydrogen propellent, and the design of a 5kW thruster is presented."
	8.4. 20 Apr 2025, SCMP, China tests non-nuclear hydrogen bomb, science paper shows "Chinese researchers have successfully detonated a hydrogen-based explosive device in a controlled field test, triggering devastating chemical chain reactions without using any nuclear materials, according to a study published last month. The 2kg bomb generated a fireball exceeding 1,000 degrees Celsius for more than two seconds – 15 x equivalent TNT blast. Developed by the China State Shipbuilding Corporation’s 705 Research Institute, a key player in underwater weapon systems, the device uses a magnesium-based solid-state hydrogen storage material." Past research: 11 May 2022, ScienceDirect, H2-storage emulsion explosives
	8.5. 09 Apr 2025, Global Times, China’s 50kg-class hydrogen-powered drone sets new domestic record with 30-hour continuous flight "The drone, jointly developed by the Chengdu Aircraft Industrial Group Co under the Aviation Industry Corporation of China, a state-owned aerospace and defense conglomerate, and Tsinghua University, achieved a breakthrough in the integrated design technology of flight, propulsion and control systems based on the output characteristics of hydrogen fuel cells."
	8.6. 25 Mar 2025, ZeroAvia, ZeroAvia Awarded U.S. Airforce Grant for an Autonomous Hydrogen-Electric Aircraft "ZeroAvia will analyze the potential for developing and delivering an 8,000 lb autonomous aircraft with hydrogen-electric propulsion for reduced engine noise and low thermal signature, thus significantly reducing detectability. Hydrogen fuel cells are a promising technology for improving the range, duration and turnaround time of a range of electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicles"
	8.7. 19 Mar 2025, NovaSpark, Prototypes Delivered for DIU’s HyTEC Project for Operational Testing and Evaluation "The first Hydrogen at the Tactical Edge of Contested Logistics (HyTEC) prototype systems have recently been delivered to Marine Corps units on Marine Corps Base Hawaii and Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Yuma for operator testing and evaluation."
	8.8. 17 Feb 2025, BlueBird, BlueBird Revolutionizes Tactical VTOL UAVs with Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology "The WanderB-VTOL is an electric VTOL Mini-UAS, designed for rapid deployment and operation in any environment. Combat-proven, it can effectively function in GPS-denied and spoofed conditions. This VTOL UAV has unprecedented flight endurance of over six (6) hours, unmatched reliability and a sustainable energy solution."
	8.9. 06 Feb 2025, Haskel, Why Hydrogen-Powered Drones Are Essential in Defense Applications "Hydrogen-powered drone technology is slowly becoming one of the most common forms of aerial vehicles used by organizations in the defense industry. Because drones have an acoustic and vibration signature ideal for surveillance and recon missions, they are often used in military operations."
	8.10. 31 Jan 2025, Research & Markets, Military Power Solutions Research Report 2025: Rising Demand for High-Capacity Batteries and Compact Power Units, Renewable Energy Integration Amidst Defense Modernization Efforts "Hydrogen fuel cells are gaining prominence in the military as an alternative power source due to their high energy density and long operational duration. These fuel cells offer the advantage of extended runtime, making them ideal for powering portable systems such as soldiers' gear, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and remote equipment in the field. Fuel cells operate efficiently in harsh conditions, providing a reliable power source even in extreme temperatures, which is often a challenge for conventional batteries."
	8.11. 15 Jan 2025, Heven Drones, HevenDrones Partners with SmartShooter for Drone Defense "Heven's hydrogen-powered, runway-independent drones are designed with endurance and adaptability in mind. Built for the most complex missions, Heven's drones operate anywhere—efficiently, quietly, and reliably— providing the warfighter with the technology to get the job done."
	8.12. 08 Jan 2025, US Army, Engineer Research and Development Center celebrates US Army’s first hydrogen-powered nanogrid "The nanogrid at WSMR uses renewable H2 fuel to replace traditional bulky, noisy diesel generators. It provides power to a surveillance camera system and meteorological weather equipment, supporting continuous, unattended operation in a remote off-grid location. The nanogrid enables this equipment to operate in the particular location where “silent watch” capabilities of H2-powered generation are needed in a pristine environment."
	8.13. 10 Sep 2024, GeoPura, GeoPura Hydrogen Power Trial Advances Green Energy for UK Ministry of Defence Sites "GeoPura, a leading provider of zero-emission energy solutions, is proud to announce the successful completion of a landmark hydrogen power trial with the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The trial successfully introduced and utilised hydrogen on military bases to generate electricity to recharge electric cars."
	8.14. 19 Aug 2024, Blueflite, Blueflite, an innovator in advanced drone technology, is proud to announce its participation in the Northern Strike 2024 "Blueflite® CEO Frank Noppel said the Northern Territory is the ideal location to develop, test and deploy long-range hydrogen powered UAVs which have the potential to shrink distances, increase services in remote areas and decarbonise last mile transportation."
	8.15. 08 Jul 2024, NATO Energy Security, Executive Summary of the field experiment conducted by NATO ENSEC COE in the summer of 2023, utilizing Hydrogen Fuel Cell technology within the military environment "The field trial, conducted at French military site in Gergy “CIEP,” was a unique endeavor that provided a “close to mission” environment. The trial involved using 2xH2 fuel cells for 400W & 1000W."
	8.16. 08 May 2024, Janes, DSA 2024: Malvus Sense unveils hydrogen-electric-powered VTOL UAS "Malaysian firm Malvus Sense unveiled the CW-25H, a new H2-electric-powered vertical take-off & landing in collaboration with Chinese UAS firm JOUAV at the Defence Services Asia 2024. Powered by hydrogen-electric hybrid technology, the CW-25H has a flight time of up to 330 minutes. The two companies are collaborating on UASs for the Malaysian Armed Forces."
	8.17. 22 Apr 2024, University of Sydney, Medical drone project receives $3.6 million to close health gap in rural and remote Australia "The medical drone is being designed to enable early detection, prevention, and treatment of health conditions common in rural and remote regions of Australia, such as sepsis and to actively contribute. Militarily, US Air Force: Drones essential to combat medicine."
	8.18. 15 Apr 2024, Military Aerospace Communications, Japan pours billions of yen into plan to build the world’s largest hydrogen fuel cell for aviation "Japan's New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO), a government research agency, is using $86 million in funds to develop a 4MW hydrogen fuel cell by 2029 & by developing technology for components that make up fuel-cell electric propulsion systems for aircraft applications."
	8.19. 15 Apr 2024, BWR, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Microgrid Project: Energy Innovation, Integration and Assurance "BWR Innovation announces it was recently granted a two-year subcontract by The Global Connective Center, LLC as a part of an agreement with the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) to develop and integrate capabilities for a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Microgrid (H2MG) to promote operation energy resilience."
	8.20. 07 Apr 2024, H2 IQ, HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS: POWERING THE FUTURE OF THE US MILITARY "The US Army’s recent initiative to award up to $1.8 million for clean hydrogen-fuel technologies underscores the military’s commitment to reducing its carbon footprint. These investments are focused on pioneering solutions that could revolutionize energy consumption in combat and peacetime scenarios alike."

► R9. APP: Marine / Maritime Industry (20)

	9.1. 28 Jul 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, Multi-objective optimal scheduling of islands considering offshore hydrogen production "This paper presents a low-carbon economic dispatch strategy designed explicitly for distant oceanic islands, incorporating energy self-sufficiency rates and seasonal hydrogen storage (SHS). We propose a power supply model for offshore islands considering hydrogen production from offshore wind power."
	9.2. 24 Jul 2025, Elsevier Energy Conversion and Management, Energy management for hybrid and fully electric vessels via a multi-objective Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy "This paper presents a novel control strategy based on the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for a dual-fuel full-electric vessel operating with diesel engines and hydrogen fuel cells taking into account both fuel cost and emissions."
	9.3. 17 Jul 2025, MDPI, Use of Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells in Marine and Industrial Applications—Current Status "This study presents the standard hydrogen production, storage, and transport methods and analysis technologies that use hydrogen fuel cells in marine and industrial applications. Technologies based on hydrogen fuel cells and hybrid systems will have an increased perspective of application in industry and maritime transport under the conditions of optimising technological models."
	9.4. 12 Jul 2025, MDPI, Techno-Economic Assessment of Pink Hydrogen Produced from Small Modular Reactors for Maritime Applications "This paper presents a techno-economic assessment of liquid hydrogen produced from small modular reactors (SMRs) for maritime applications. Pink hydrogen is examined as a carbon-free alternative to conventional marine fuels, leveraging the zero-emission profile and dispatchable nature of nuclear energy."
	9.5. 20 Jun 2025, Hanwha, The role of ESS and hydrogen fuel cells in maritime energy security "Electrification also offers a cleaner, quieter, and more cost-effective way to operate ships. Electric propulsion systems replace or supplement conventional engines with electric motors powered by energy storage systems (ESS) or hydrogen fuel cells."
	9.6. 06 Jun 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Numerical investigation of premixed hydrogen combustion in dual-fuel marine engines at high load "We investigate using CFD modelling a H2 fuelled marine dual-fuel engine to identify operating settings ranges for different H2 energy fractions, as well as parametrically optimise the diesel fuel injection timing and temperature at inlet valve closing. The large marine four-stroke engine operation in the diesel & diesel-hydrogen dual fuel modes was simulated to reveal the effects of H2 use on the combustion, performance, and emissions parameters."
	9.7. 31 May 2025, Elsevier Cryogenics, A cryogenic tank thermodynamic process model for marine applications "The modelling of liquid hydrogen tanks has been extensively investigated in the context of space, aeronautical and land vehicle applications and as decarbonization becomes a growing concern and hydrogen promises to be a zero-carbon fuel for both land and sea applications, studies on LH2 as a marine cargo or fuel are beginning to emerge."
	9.8. 31 May 2025, Tokio Marine, Tokio Marine debuts new green transformation insurance unit "Tokio Marine GX (TMGX), aims to provide specialist insurance and risk management solutions to facilitate the decarbonisation of business operations and capitalise on emerging green opportunities. TMGX is built upon the expertise of GCube in renewable energy underwriting, Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire’s offshore marine insurance and the knowledge of Tokio Marine’s worldwide operations."
	9.9. 13 May 2025, frontiers, Hydrogen-powered vessels in green maritime decarbonization: policy drivers, technological frontiers and challenges "This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of hydrogen-powered vessels and explores their potential and practical applications as a green shipping solution. The objective is to examine the application of hydrogen technologies in ship propulsion systems, along with related technological innovations, regulatory developments, and industry standards."
	9.10. 18 Apr 2025, Elsevier Ocean Engineering, Alternative fuels and design modifications for environmentally sustainable marine vessels "The work is focused on outlining the impact of traditional marine vessels on the environment, then moving on to presenting possible alternative fuel solutions before finally discussing ways of implementing these solutions in existing marine vessels."
	9.11. 12 Apr 2025, Elsevier Ocean Engineering, Rux Energy and Serco Collaborate on Groundbreaking Hydrogen Storage Project Funded by Connected Places Catapult "This paper presents a novel investigation into battery-hybrid electric propulsion systems using alternative fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia, integrating optimal load control mechanisms with real-time lifecycle assessment models."
	9.12. 09 Apr 2025, Yanmar, Yanmar Power Technology Secures Approval in Principle for Maritime Hydrogen Fuel Cell System from DNV "The Yanmar GH320FC is designed as a next-generation power source for marine applications with an innovative design that facilitates easy installation on various types of vessels. The system also allows for multiple units to be connected in parallel and offers flexibility in the number of H2 fuel cell modules, enabling it to meet diverse power requirements across different ship types and operations."
	9.13. 27 Mar 2025, Rux Energy Serco, Rux Energy and Serco Collaborate on Groundbreaking Hydrogen Storage Project Funded by Connected Places Catapult "Rux Energy’s breakthrough solution incorporates a patented advanced nanoporous material, which fill the void of a tank, acting like a “sponge” for hydrogen molecules, increasing its density, allowing hydrogen to be stored at more moderate temperatures and lower pressures – this increases energy efficiency and radically improves safety, at a fraction of the cost of traditional storage methods."
	9.14. 25 Feb 2025, Zepp.solutions, Zepp.solutions to supply hydrogen fuel cell systems for zero-emission river cruise vessel "Zepp.solutions will supply the fuel cell systems used in the retrofit of an existing cruise vessel with a fully modular hydrogen and battery-electric drivetrain. The H2 fuel cell systems will deliver a power output exceeding 1MW, using Zepp’s X150 fuel cell modules – a system that has already proven itself in heavy-duty applications such as H2-powered trucks"
	9.15. 27 Jan 2025, Yanmar, Yanmar Hydrogen Engine Production Plan Approved Under Zero-Emission Ships Project "Yanmar project aims to establish an advanced production system for zero-emission ships powered by hydrogen and batteries. By developing essential production facilities for hydrogen-fueled propulsion systems, the initiative seeks to reduce CO2 emissions through market adoption while boosting industrial competitiveness and economic growth."
	9.16. 10 Jan 2025, Wiley Advanced Science, A Fuel Cell Power Supply System Equipped with Artificial Gill Membranes for Underwater Applications "Here a circulating air-flow continuously supplies a proton exchange membrane fuel cell with oxygen, which is replenished using a polymer membrane. The membrane serves as the interface between the circulating air-flow and the ambient water, preventing water flux while allowing an oxygen flux across the membrane, driven by a partial oxygen pressure gradient."
	9.17. 20 Dec 2024, SWITCH Maritime, Sea Change Hydrogen Ferry Demonstration Project "Welcome aboard Sea Change, the world’s first commercial hydrogen fuel-cell powered ferry. Sea Change will be operating special trips on SF Bay Ferry’s Pier 41. Rides are free. MV Sea Change is owned by SWITCH Maritime, and was developed by the company with support from a grant provided by the California Air Resources Board."
	9.18. 30 Oct 2024, Yanmar, Successful Operation at Rated Output in the Trial of a H2 4-Stroke High-Speed Engine for Coastal Vessels "The tested pilot-ignition H2 engine operates by using a small amount of diesel oil as the ignition source (pilot fuel) to burn a premixture of hydrogen and air. With this operation, the engine achieved the world’s highest H2 fuel ratio and an output of approximately 500 kW, leading the industry."
	9.19. 13 Oct 2024, MDPI, A Technical Study on an Integrated Closed-Loop SOFC & NH3 Decomposition System for Marine Application "This study result proves that the integrated system of NH3 cracking SOFCs can maintain a self-balanced condition, ensuring adequate SOFC heat supply for the ammonia cracking process to produce H2 while supporting normal SOFC operation & generating heat."
	9.20. 24 Sep 2024, FCHEA, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Develoipments in Marine Transportation "The Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association (FCHEA) is the leading industry association in the United States representing more than one hundred leading organizations advancing production, distribution, and use of innovative, clean, safe, and reliable hydrogen energy."

► R10. APP: Sustainable Metallurgy Industry (20)

	10.1. 14 Aug 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, The influence of trapped hydrogen on the passivity of iron oxides "Summarizing, trapped hydrogen accelerates corrosion by degrading surface oxides; reversible trapped hydrogen is dominantly located at ferrite/pearlite grain boundaries; and microstructure of steel will influence susceptibility to breakdown of the passive film."
	10.2. 11 Aug 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Fatigue, Fatigue crack growth retardation due to crack closure in high-strength steel under high-pressure hydrogen "In this study, to further explore this intricate relationship and obtain fundamental insights necessary for identifying superior high-strength steels for hydrogen applications, a high-pressure (90 MPa) hydrogen gas facility was employed to rigorously test a steel with a tensile strength of 1500 MPa."
	10.3. 30 Jul 2025, Elsevier Chemical Engineering Science, Cleaner steelmaking using biomass: A novel ironmaking process "Here we propose a breakthrough option that combines the direct reduction of iron ore by CO with biomass gasification within a single shaft furnace reactor. CO is produced in situ by biomass gasification according to the Boudouard reaction. The exhaust gas, a CO–CO2 gas mixture, is recycled as feed gas at the bottom of the shaft."
	10.4. 30 Jul 2025, Voestalpine, Voestalpine produces the world's first hydrogen-based railoestalpine produces the world's first hydrogen-based rail "Voestalpine has produced the world’s first hydrogen-based rail at its Donawitz site as part of a pilot project. The “green” rail consists of a mix of scrap and hydrogen-reduced pure iron, which was produced in the HYFOR pilot plant in Donawitz."
	10.5. 26 Jul 2025, Elsevier Corrosion Science, Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Additively Manufactured High-Strength Low-Alloy AISI 4340 Steel "Our findings indicate that AM of high-strength steels has strong potential to improve HE resistance, providing a pathway to solve this long-term problem. This study highlights the critical role of microstructure in influencing HE and offers valuable insights for developing steels for hydrogen applications."
	10.6. 09 Jul 2025, Nature NPJ Materials Degradation, Insights from quasi-in situ cryogenic-transfer atom probe tomography for analyzing hydrogen diffusion in metallic alloys "Here we quantified the nanoscale changes of in austenitic FeCrNi alloy during ultrahigh vacuum transfer using a LEAP 6000 XR APT system with UV laser-assisted and voltage-pulsed modes. We introduced a quasi-in situ method to study deuterium out-diffusion kinetics from electrochemically charged FeCrNi needles, which involved analyzing a deuterium-charged sample using APT, pausing for controlled thermal treatments at room temperature and 150°C, followed by reanalysis."
	10.7. 18 Jun 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Modelling the hydrogen production process from electrolysis for the needs of a coking company "We present an analysis of the possibility of H2 production using the electrolysis process by a coking company. The electrolysis process was modelled using a self-developed computational model created in MATLAB- Simscape. The analysis assumes powering the electrolysers with energy obtained from two planned photovoltaic installations."
	10.8. 16 Jun 2025, Elsevier Energy Conversion and Management, Hydrogen and Synthetic Natural Gas for decarbonizing steel hot rolling mills: Economic viability under dynamic electricity pricing "This study conducts an economic assessment of hydrogen and synthetic natural gas on-site production for a steel hot rolling plant, focusing on identifying the most cost-effective electrolysis technology and evaluating the impact of dynamic electricity prices."
	10.9. 14 Jun 2025, Nature NPJ Materials Degradation, Effect of microstructure on hydrogen permeation and trapping in natural gas pipeline steels "This study examines hydrogen permeation and trapping in three types of natural gas pipeline steels from different decades in Canada—modern, vintage, and legacy steels. Electrochemical permeation experiments were conducted to measure the diffusion coefficient, subsurface concentration, and trap density of hydrogen."
	10.10. 08 Jun 2025, Max Planck Institute, Aluminium alloys for the hydrogen economy - International researcher team develops scalable aluminium alloys for the hydrogen economy "Through a two-step heat treatment, we engineered fine Al3Sc nanoprecipitates on which a shell of a highly structurally complex Al3(Mg,Sc)2 forms in-situ. These dual nanoprecipitates are distributed throughout the alloy to serve two key roles: the Al3(Mg,Sc)2 phase traps hydrogen and enhances resistance against H2 embrittlement, while the fine Al3Sc particles boost strength."
	10.11. 07 Jun 2025, Elsevier Fuel, Comparative numerical study of Fe2O3 reduction using CO and H2 for direct iron production "Here, we developed a comprehensive model using Python, integrated with ANSYS Twin Builder, to simulate the reduction processes. The model incorporates mass and energy balances, gas–solid reaction kinetics, and heat transfer phenomena within a counter-current shaft reactor."
	10.12. 06 Jun 2025, Nature NPJ Computational Materials, Unveiling hydrogen chemical states in supersaturated amorphous alumina via machine learning-driven atomistic modeling "In this work, the reliability of our simulations is assessed by using state-of-the-art universal MLIPs as well as systems with nominal charge neutrality, providing excellent agreement with benchmark ab initio simulations and experimental data."
	10.13. 05 Jun 2025, Elsevier Physics Open, 3D modelling of hydrogen embrittlement in austenitic stainless steel and nickel-based superalloy: Physical metallurgy aspects on hydrogen entrapment "Here we examine the importance of microstructural features, including grain boundaries, dislocations, precipitates and lattice structures, on the susceptibility of austenitic stainless and Ni superalloys to hydrogen embrittlement. Grain boundaries, which act as discontinuous regions, can either facilitate or hinder hydrogen diffusion."
	10.14. 31 May 2025, Elsevier Applied Energy, Renewables pull and strategic push – What drives hydrogen-based steel relocation? "In this study, we first review the literature to specify the key economic and strategic variables that can pull and push H-DRI-EAF-based steel making in value chains using green hydrogen. Secondly, we select and calculate the Levelized Cost of Steel (LCOS) for a range of scenarios defined by five archetypical H-DRI-EAF steel value chain configurations using green hydrogen."
	10.15. 30 May 2025, Nippon Steel Breakthrough technology development to decarbonize steelmaking processes "Noting reduction with hydrogen is an endothermic reaction, the temperature drop in the furnace causes problems such as the reaction not being sustained and the iron not melting, so in order to realize hydrogen steelmaking, we are tackling these problems by development of breakthrough technologies such as 1. high-temperature heating of flammable hydrogen, 2. securing of gas flow in the furnace, 3. additional melting process, and 4. large-scale production for production."
	10.16. 19 May 2025, Elsevier Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Low-temperature carburizing improves hydrogen embrittlement resistance of cold worked 304 austenitic stainless steel "In this study, low-temperature carburizing (LTC) was performed on cold worked 304 ASS. Its effect on the mechanical properties and HE was investigated by electrochemical cathodic hydrogen charging and slow strain rate tensile test."
	10.17. 24 Apr 2025, ArXiv, Permeation and thermal desorption model of hydrogen in steel: a sensitivity analysis "This work presents a fully physical model of the hydrogen diffusion and trapping kinetics in metals, integrating permeation and thermal desorption within a unified framework and is based on the McNabb and Foster approach."
	10.18. 10 Apr 2025, Stegra, Stegra supported by the EU Innovation Fund "Stegra are building a next-generation steel mill in northern Sweden, complete with a green hydrogen and green iron plant. It will be powered by renewable electricity and consequently deliver CO2 emissions reductions of up to 95 percent."
	10.19. 01 Apr 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Experimental investigation of the oxidation behaviour of stainless steel exposed to different air- and oxy-fuel natural gas or hydrogen combustion atmospheres and temperatures during reheating on a semi-industrial scale "This study investigates the impact of air- and oxy-fuel combustion with natural gas and hydrogen on the scaling behaviour of EN 1.4307 (AISI 304L) stainless steel. The residual oxygen, and the sample core temperature, 1200 °C and 1300 °C, were varied."
	10.20. 21 Mar 2025, MDPI, The Extractive Industry’s Decarbonization Potential Using Electrification and Hydrogen Technologies "Here the reduction of CO2 emissions is analyzed, and a breakthrough route for H2S decomposition is presented, which is a by-product of the direct reduction of sulfide ores with H2. Electrified indirect-fired metallurgical kiln advantages are also presented, a solution that can substitute fossil fuel-based heating technologies, which is one of the main backbones of industrial processes currently applied to the extractive industries."

► R11. APP: Space Industry (20)

	11.1. 22 Jul 2025, Elsevier Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Thermodynamics of Fe-S-O-C-H liquids: Implications for the Martian core "We find that the Martian core requires very high concentrations of light-elements of ≈50 mol%, in line with previous work. Applying geochemical constraints, Mars' core may require very high hydrogen contents of 0.5 wt% (27 mol%) and little oxygen."
	11.2. 01 Jul 2025, NASA NTRS, Development of the NASA HR-2 Superalloy for Hydrogen-Sensitive Liquid Rocket Engines Via Laser Powder Bed Fusion "One such material being developed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center is L-PBF NASA HR-2 (Hydrogen Resistant-2), a high-strength Fe-Ni-based superalloy resistant to hydrogen environment embrittlement. The chemistry of NASA HR-2 was formulated to meet requirements for key liquid rocket engine components that operate in high-pressure hydrogen environments."
	11.3. 17 Jun 2025, Elsevier Fuel, Effects of cryogenic temperature on propagation of hydrogen-air rotating detonation waves "The use of H2 in its cryogenic state not only enhances combustion performance but also facilitates high-density fuel storage, which is particularly advantageous for volume-constrained aerospace and space systems. These attributes also support the development of advanced energy conversion systems in spacecraft, defence technologies, and next-generation power units where high thrust-to-weight ratios and compactness are essential."
	11.4. 16 Jun 2025, Elsevier Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Methanol storage in high-pressure clathrate hydrates as a prolonged source of methane in large ocean worlds "Here, we address this fundamental gap of knowledge by studying and comparing two systems: tetrahydrofuran, ((CH2)4O, THF) with water (THF-H2O, served as a reference) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) with methanol and water (THF-MeOH-H2O), using synchrotron-based in situ high-pressure – low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction."
	11.5. 04 Jun 2025, NASA NTRS, Development of A Flow Boiling Visualization Experiment for Liquid Hydrogen "We present the development of a two-phase hydrogen visualization flow cell that can address uncertainty in existing models by providing temperature, velocity, and pressure drop data while identifying flow regimes in two-phase hydrogen. Preliminary results using liquid nitrogen are provided with uncertainties."
	11.6. 21 May 2025, Blue Origin, HIGH-PERFORMANCE HYDROGEN ENGINE Designed for First-Stage Applications "At full power, BE-3PM generates up to 490 kN thrust at Launch Site One 485 kN at sea level. When returning to Earth, it uniquely throttles down to 90 kN, enabling a gentle vertical landing on the pad and like the Space Shuttle’s main engines, BE-3PM uses high-performing liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. BE-3PM is designed for operational reusability with minimal maintenance between flights."
	11.7. 30 Apr 2025, Space, Tank for 1st Artemis touchdown on the moon "At NASA’s Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, the liquid hydrogen tank for the Artemis 3 Space Launch System rocket was moved into the factory's final assembly area on April 22, 2025. The 130-foot-tall (40-meter) propellant tank is one of the five major elements that comprise the 212-foot-tall (65-meter) SLS core stage. The stage, along with its four RS-25 rocket engines, and side-mounted solid rocket boosters, will be used to launch the Artemis 3 Orion spacecraft and its crew to walk on the moon."
	11.8. 04 Apr 2025, Honda, Honda R&D to Conduct Testing with Sierra Space and Tec-Masters on the International Space Station "Honda is leveraging decades of hydrogen fuel cell technology expertise to develop a regenerative fuel cell system, known as a circulative renewable energy system, that will continuously produce oxygen, hydrogen, and electricity."
	11.9. 12 Feb 2025, Sierra Space Completes Test Campaign on Next Generation Vortex 35,000 lbf Fuel-Rich LOX LH2 Engine "The VR35K-A is a high-performance liquid oxygen (LOX)/liquid hydrogen (LH2) engine that employs a fuel-rich staged combustion cycle, an innovative turbopump architecture and a VORTEX® combustion chamber to produce 35,000 lbf of thrust at a higher performance than any engine currently on the market."
	11.10. 11 Feb 2025, NASA, Hubble Battery Tech Holds Power on Earth Nickel-hydrogen technology is safe, durable, and long-lasting – now it’s affordable too "Nickel-hydrogen battery technology has been around for decades. These batteries were first developed in the 1970s, and in the 1980s they began replacing nickel-cadmium technology on geosynchronous communications satellites run by the global consortium Intelsat."
	11.11. 20 Jan 2025, PHYS.ORG, NASA sets new hydrogen sulfide exposure limits for space missions "A SMAC value for hydrogen sulfide has not previously been established since it has not been of concern in spacecraft. However, with Artemis missions returning to the moon, there is a possibility that H2S could be released within spacecraft during lunar sample return, given that this compound may be a component of lunar polar ice."
	11.12. 02 Dec 2024, Elsevier Acta Astronautica, Analytical formulations for Nitrogen Oxides emissions estimation of a hydrogen fueled Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine in air-breathing mode "This study specifically focuses on the former, enabling the Single Stage To Orbit (SSTO) Skylon reaching the hypersonic speed regime before transitioning to rocket mode."
	11.13. 14 Oct 2024, Infinity, Infinity delivers 7 kW Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell Designed for Future Spaceflight Missions "This is one of the largest Fuel Cell stacks that Infinity has made and demonstrates the design is on a path to full qualification. Engineers at Infinity tested the stack to meet 1 to 7 kW. Infinity’s patented air-independent, space-rated fuel cell systems can support extended mission operations."
	11.14. 05 Aug 2024, NASA, Low Leakage Cryogenic Disconnects for Fuel Transfer and Long-Term Storage "To enable deep space missions, the capability to transfer and store cryogenic fuels (typically liquid hydrogen, methane, and oxygen) without significant leakage over long duration missions is critical. NASA has been actively developing zero boil-off cryocooler technology to reduce storage losses."
	11.15. 07 Jun 2024, MT Aerospace, Hydrogen is the driver for future decarbonised mobility solutions "MT Aerospace has decades of experience in the use of LH2 in rocket propulsion systems. This expertise results both from sustainable technology innovations and a large number of product-related cryogenic tests. The further development into cryogenic H2 storage and supply systems is a differentiating feature for MT Aerospace."
	11.16. 08 May 2024, University of Melbourne, High-tech equipment boosts University’s hydrogen and space research "UoM has worked with the Florida, USA-headquartered company GenH2, a leader in hydrogen infrastructure solutions, to install a GenH2 Cryostat CS500 simulation test platform to test & develop super-insulation systems for LH2 storage & other cryogenic applications, including space."
	11.17. 12 Mar 2024, PHYS.ORG, Zero-boil-off tank experiments to enable long-duration space exploration "Although the dynamic ZBO approach is complex, it promises an impressive advantage over the currently used passive methods. An assessment of one nuclear propulsion concept for Mars transport estimated that passive boil-off losses for a large LH2 tank carrying 38 tons of fuel for a three-year mission to Mars would be approximately 16 tons/year."
	11.18. 01 Mar 2024, ESA, Green hydrogen for Ariane 6 and more "ESA & CNES are determined to reduce the footprint of rocket launches & ground operations at Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana & aiming to deliver low-carbon H2 generated by solar-powered electrolysis of water by 2026. Project Hyguane a portmanteau of the French words for H2, French Guiana and the local Iguanas is a €40.5M investment in a solar farm and distribution systems."
	11.19. 21 Feb 2024, Space Perspective, The world’s only carbon-neutral spaceship "Space Perspective has designed a luxurious capsule to take passengers on a six-hour trip to the stratosphere, where they can enjoy panoramic views of our humble planet—which they’ll have risen above thanks to a giant hydrogen-filled balloon."
	11.20. 29 Jan 2024, NASA, NASA’s Moon Shot Launched Commercial Fuel Cell Industry - Agency’s technology development prepared fuel cells for tomorrow’s renewable energy grids "NASA started investing in fuel cell technology in the 1960s when rest of world was still content to be powered by fossil fuels, driving NASA to explore new ways to generate & store energy."

► R12. Hydrogen Research Centres (57)

	12.1. AU - Australian Hydrogen Research Network (AHRN) A community of researchers and interested stakeholders supporting the emerging hydrogen industry in Australia. We foster excellence in hydrogen-related research through an ongoing program of seminars and knowledge-sharing activities.
	12.2. AU - Australian National University (ANU) Publications on aspects of the Hydrogen economy transition.
	12.3. AU - Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) The Knowledge Bank is an open-source library of reports, studies, multimedia and tools that provide guidance and learnings to benefit future renewable hydrogen energy projects.
	12.4. AU - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Publications from CSIRO on Hydrogen Fuel Cell research and development of renewable energy solutions. Hydrogen Knowledge Centre
	12.5. AU - Geoscience Australia / Monash University - Hydrogen Economic Fairways Tool (HEFT) HEFT was developed by Geoscience Australia in collaboration with Monash University & is based on an open-source economic model that maps the economic viability of H2 production opportunities across Australia.
	12.6. AU - Monash University - Monash Hydrogen Energy Research Node The Monash Hydrogen Energy Node aims to assemble skills and knowledge across the hydrogen value chain to tackle complex, systems-level challenges across technological, economical, socio-political and legal dimensions.
	12.7. AU - Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) Publications from the RMIT Sustainable Hydrogen Energy Laboratory (SHEL) that pioneers research and development on hydrogen energy solutions.
	12.8. AU - Swinburne Institute of Technology / Victorian Hydrogen Hub Led by Swinburne University of Technology in partnership with CSIRO and Germany’s ARENA2036 factory, the Victorian Hydrogen Hub (VH2) brings together researchers, industry partners and business to drive the implementation of the hydrogen economy.
	12.9. AU - University of NSW Hydrogen storage and battery technology groupResearch focuses on fabrication and storage optimization of a novel porous solid-state hydrogen storage material in fuel cell integrated systems to reduce the hydrogen storage pressure to only 10MPa, six times less than current market technology.
	12.10. CH - Frontiers Frontiers is the 3rd most-cited and 6th largest research publisher and open science platform. Our research journals are community-driven and peer-reviewed by editorial boards of more than 260,000 top researchers.
	12.11. CH - MDPI Hydrogen Journal MDPI has supported academic communities since 1996. Based in Basel, Switzerland, MDPI has the mission to foster open scientific exchange in all forms, across all disciplines.
	12.12. CN - Beijing Institute of Technology The Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT) is actively researching and developing hydrogen technology, including hydrogen internal combustion engines and hydrogen fuel cell technology, with a focus on both military and civilian applications.
	12.13. CN - Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) DICP Chinese Academy of Sciences has established a long track record of major academic and industrial accomplishments in catalytic chemistry, chemical engineering, chemical lasers, molecular reaction dynamics, organic chemistry, modern analytical chemistry and biotechnology.
	12.14. DE - Hyfindr Publications on hydrogen system components, materials and other hydrogen related equipment.
	12.15. DE - Hydrogen Tech World Publications including an interesting mix of company profiles, in-depth technical articles, reports from major end users and projects in the hydrogen production industries.
	12.16. DE - Max Planck Institute The Max Planck Society is committed to contributing to a future worth living in, both through its research and its practical actions. It wants to be a role model for how research can be conducted responsibly, sustainably and in a climate-friendly manner.
	12.17. DE - Springer Nature Springer Nature works closely with a large global community of academic researchers and educators who, through their work, want to disseminate their ideas, solve problems and leave the world better than they found it.
	12.18. EU - European Space Agency (ESA) ESA is Europe’s gateway to space. Its mission is to shape the development of Europe’s space capability and ensure that investment in space continues to deliver benefits to the citizens of Europe and the world.
	12.19. EU - Hydrogen Europe Research Publications from the European scientific community involved in the development of a new, industrial ecosystem based on hydrogen and committed to moving towards a circular, carbon-neutral economy.
	12.20. EU - Joint Research Centre Publications Repository The JRC Publications Repository is the public access to all publications of the Joint Research Centre. It offers access to state-of-the-art science performed by the JRC to the wider scientific community, with full-text and open access. It is updated on a daily basis, including most recent outputs.
	12.21. FI - Aalto University H2 Innovation Center Hydrogen open source search on technical materials relating to hydrogen evolution, storage, distribution, and fuel cells.
	12.22. FR - The French National Research Network on Hydrogen Energy The French National Research Network on Hydrogen Energy (FRH2) brings together 30 laboratories with 300 well known researchers (CNRS researchers, faculty members and engineers) actively involved in the hydrogen sector.
	12.23. INT - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy A central vehicle for the exchange and dissemination of new ideas, technology developments and research results in the field of Hydrogen Energy between scientists and engineers throughout the world.
	12.24. JP - Advanced Industrial, Science and Technology, Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, Hydrogen Energy Carrier Team Developing technologies for storing and utilizing large amounts of renewable energy that will help solve several energy issues facing Japan.
	12.25. JP - Tokyo University of Science (TUS) The Mission of the Tokyo University of Science is to educate people who have the ability to contribute to society. Researchers from TUS have developed a novel hydrogen evolution catalyst, bis(diimino)palladium coordination nanosheets, that offers platinum-like efficiency at a fraction of the cost.
	12.26. KR - Korea Institute of Energy Research Future Energy Research Division conducts researches on H2 generation, storage, transportation, and utilization to realize a future energy society, focusing on the development of fuel cell technologies represented by generation, storage, and use of H2, an eco-friendly source of energy with economic benefits obtained by coal fuels and water.
	12.27. NL - ScienceDirect From foundational science to new and novel research, discover our large collection of Physical Sciences and Engineering publications, covering a range of disciplines, from the theoretical to the applied.
	12.28. NL - ScienceDirect Journal of Green Technologies and Sustainability This Journal encourages and promotes interdisciplinary research and development to important technological and theoretical developments in greentech and sustainability issues.
	12.29. NL - TNO: Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research Overall aim is to develop and promote hydrogen technology with Dutch companies, cooperating parties including TNO have set clear goals in the HyScaling project. One of those goals is the need for electrolysers with better performance to produce green hydrogen.
	12.30. SE - Luleå University of Technology - Centre for Hydrogen Energy Systems Sweden (CH2ESS) CH2ESS is a research and knowledge initiative at Luleå University of Technology with a focus on hydrogen use in industrial processes and energy systems, in close collaboration with Swedish industry.
	12.31. SG - National University of Singapore - Centre for Hydrogen Innovations Research site focus promotes cutting-edge R&D advancements in H2 production, storage, and utilization; and fosters collaborations with industries, academia, and agencies to drive H2-based solutions.
	12.32. UK - Geological Society Publications - Lyell Collection Research site search "hydrogen" - the Lyell Collection represents one of the largest integrated collections of online Earth Science literature available.
	12.33. UK - Royal Sociaety of Chemistry RSC develop, recognise and celebrate professional capabilities. We bring people together to spark new ideas and new partnerships. Noting Hydrogen is an essential element for life. It is present in water and in almost all the molecules in living things.
	12.34. UK - The Major Projects Association - Knowledge Centre Renewable Hydrogen Energy: Applied Scientific and Engineering References - A set of recent, curated, renewable Hydrogen energy scientific and engineering references covering: H2 production via electromechanical and electrolysis methods; H2 production via solar and protonic ceramics; proton exchange membrane fuel cells; H2 storage as liquid or compressed gas and Type IV carbon fibre reinforced storage products. Industry area references are categorized under Automotive; Aviation; Defence; Marine; Rail; and Smelting and Steel. References to significant H2 Research Centers, and H2 market analyses are also included.
	12.35. UK - TheIET.ORG The Institution of Engineering and Technology Wiley - Search "hydrogen" => research developments -> we inspire, inform and influence the global engineering and technology community to engineer a better world.
	12.36. UK - Science X / PHYS.ORG Search "hydrogen + energy" => Daily science news on research developments, technological breakthroughs and the latest scientific innovations.
	12.37. UK - University of Cambridge The University of Cambridge, are developing low-cost light-harvesting semiconductors that power devices for converting water into clean hydrogen fuel.
	12.38. US - American Chemical Society (ACS) pubs.acs.org ACS Publications’ commitment to publishing high-quality content continues to attract impactful research that addresses the world’s most important challenges.
	12.39. US - Cell Press We innovate to enhance discoverability, put research in context, and make it more actionable. Global visibility ensures that important research is read, used, and talked about. Engagement in the community and advocacy supports the value of science.
	12.40. US - Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) DTIC's mission is " to ensure the innovation and knowledge stemming from DoD’s past and current investment in science and technology forms the building blocks for the next generation of discovery and accelerates capability to the warfighter.
	12.41. US - University of Cornwell: ArXiv ArXiv is a free distribution service and an open-access archive for nearly 2.4 million scholarly articles in the fields of physics, mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, statistics, electrical engineering and systems science, and economics.
	12.42. US - IEEE ieee.org IEEE is the world’s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.
	12.43. US - Mendeley.com Search "hydrogen + energy" => Year/Document Type/Journal/Author/Access Type/Most relevant/Most recent/Most cited science articles on research developments, technological breakthroughs and the latest scientific innovations.
	12.44. US - MIT HyTEC The research capabilities at HyTEC range from a wide variety of experimental and modeling areas associated with hydrogen. We have partnered with world-leading industries and organizations to advance the science and develop new technologies necessary to improve efficiency, reduce cost, and improve the safety of hydrogen production, liquefaction, storage and transportation.
	12.45. US - Nature.com Search "hydrogen + evolution + reaction + HER" for wide variety of journal articles on researched developments, technological breakthroughs and latest innovations.
	12.46. US - National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) NREL's research accelerates development, integration, and scale up of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies to enable widespread deployment across multiple energy sectors.
	12.47. US - Naval Postgraduate School Energy Academic Group (EAG) Energy Academic Group maintains the Naval Postgraduate School as a Navy center of excellence for energy graduate education and research. Our efforts focus on solving the Navy, Marine Corps, and Department of Defense’s most critical energy problems through graduate education and research. To that end, EAG employs a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach using the basic sciences, engineering, operations and analysis, and business methods.
	12.48. US - NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) NTRS provides access to NASA metadata records, full-text online documents, images, and videos. The types of information included are conference papers, journal articles, meeting papers, patents, research reports, images, movies, and technical videos – scientific and technical information created or funded by NASA.
	12.49. US - Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Technical information about hydrogen published in technical reports, conference proceedings, journal articles, and websites is provided, across categories: General, Production, Delivery, and Storage.
	12.50. US - Proceedings of the National Academv of Sciences, PNAS PNAS is one of the world's most-cited and comprehensive multidisciplinary scientific journals, publishing more than 3,500 research papers annually.
	12.51. US - Sandia National Laboratories, SNL Sandia National Laboratories is operated and managed by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc.
	12.52. US - University of Michigan - MI Hydrogen A joint venture by the Office of the Vice President for Research, Michigan Engineering and the School for Environment and Sustainability.
	12.53. US - University of South Carolina College of Engineering and Computing Publications includes a number of specific areas of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells research related to fundamental knowledge, technical applications, and integrated systems.
	12.54. US - Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) SwRI develops applied R&D solutions with hydrogen technology used in rockets, alternative combustion, fuel cells, energy storage, and industrial processing plants.
	12.55. US - University of Maryland (UMD) Faculty at UMD are engaged in many aspects of fuel cell R&D including: Microbial fuel cells - a bio-electrochemical system that uses bacteria as the catalyst to oxidize organic and inorganic matter, and consequently, generate electric current. Applications include power generation systems, bio-recovery, & waste-water treatment. Polymer electrolyte membrane Fuel Cells - deliver high power density and offer the advantages of low weight and volume compared with other fuel cells. PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer as an electrolyte and porous carbon electrodes containing a platinum or platinum alloy catalyst. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - use a hard, non-porous ceramic compound as the electrolyte. SOFCs operate at very high temperatures which removes the need for precious-metal catalyst, thereby reducing cost.
	12.56. US - University of Texas (UT) Feautured publications and White Papers on Blue Hydrogen, Green H2 economy, H2 infrastructure, and achieving NET ZERO by 2050.
	12.57. US - Wiley Advanced The Advanced Portfolio from Wiley is a family of globally respected, high-impact journals that disseminates the best science from well-established and emerging researchers so they can fulfill their mission and maximize the reach of their scientific discoveries.

	R6. APP: Automotive / Rail Industry (1/20)
	6.1. 07 Aug 2025, Elsevier Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, A framework to characterize the flow of high-pressure hydrogen injectors,


	R7. APP: Aviation / UAS Industry (1/20)
	7.1. 12 Aug 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Thermofluids, Numerical investigation of a turbine working with a highly unsteady exhaust flow of a hydrogen-driven rotating detonation combustion


	R8. APP: Defence / Military Industry (1/20)
	8.1. 06 Aug 2025, US Naval Research Laboratory, Naval Research Hydrogen Tech Goes Tactical


	R9. APP: Marine / Maritime Industry (1/20)
	9.1. 28 Jul 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, Multi-objective optimal scheduling of islands considering offshore hydrogen production


	R10. APP: Sustainable Metallurgy Industry (1/20)
	10.1. 14 Aug 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, The influence of trapped hydrogen on the passivity of iron oxides


	R11. APP: Space Industry (1/20)
	11.1. 22 Jul 2025, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Thermodynamics of Fe-S-O-C-H liquids: Implications for the Martian core

HYDROGEN ENERGY RESEARCH
Produced by Robert Cole Basford

H₂ Energy Research
2025-08-16

Production R1.1 - R5.1

Applied Engineering R6.1 - R11.1

Latest Research R1 - R12
277 URLs

	R1. PROD: Alkaline / AEM / PEM Electrolysis (1/20)
	1.1. 14 Aug 2025, Elsevier International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Hierarchical graphene nanowalls/Ti, Mo-MXene nano compounds for enhanced electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution,


	R2. PROD: Bio / Pyrolysis / Radiolysis / Solar (1/20)
	2.1. 13 Aug 2025, ACS Energy Letters, Sub-Bandgap Photon-to-Current Conversion in Bismuth Vanadate Photoanodes and Its Impact on the Maximum Photocurrent Density Achievable for Water Splitting,


	R3. PROD: Geologic / Natural Hydrogen (1/20)
	3.1. 18 Jul 2025, SCIENCE.ORG, Crustal faulting drives biological redox cycling in the deep subsurface,


	R4. FUEL CELL: AEMFC / PEM / MCFC / SOFC (1/20)
	4.1. 04 Aug 2025, Nature Scientific Reports, High-performance hydrogen energy generation via innovative metal-organic framework catalysts and integrated system design,


	R5. STORE: Type IV-V / MH / LH2 / LOHC / Geo (1/20)
	5.1. 10 August 2025, Elsevier Advanced Membranes, Combining Zeolite with MOF Glass to Construct Crystal-Glass Composite Membranes for Improved Hydrogen Separation,

H2 Energy Research2025-08-16

Production R1.1 - R5.1

Applied Engineering R6.1 - R11.1

Latest Research R1 - R12277 URLs

H₂ Energy Research
2025-08-16

Latest Research R1 - R12
277 URLs